Bio 109 Study Questions and Correct Answers
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Herbivore
An animal that primarily eats plants or algae.
Carnivore
An animal that primarily eats other animals.
Omnivore
An animal that regularly consumes both plants and animals.
Essential Nutrients
Materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules and must obtain in
preassembled form from their diet.
Malnutrition
A diet that lacks one or more essential nutrients.
Undernutrition
A condition resulting from a diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body
requires.
Intracellular Digestion
The hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles, which begins after a cell engulfs food by phagocytosis or
pinocytosis.
, Gastrovascular Cavity
A central digestive compartment with a single opening that functions in both digestion and
distribution of nutrients.
Alimentary Canal
A complete digestive tract consisting of a tube running between two openings: a mouth and an
anus.
Sphincter
A ring-like valve of muscle that regulates the passage of material between compartments of the
alimentary canal.
Peristalsis
Rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal that push
food along the tract.
Chyme
The mixture of ingested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach.
Four classes of essential nutrients
Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
Why do plant-based diets require specific combinations?
Most plant proteins are 'incomplete,' meaning they lack one or more of the essential amino acids
required by humans; combining different plant sources ensures a complete profile of all essential
amino acids.
Guaranteed A+!
Herbivore
An animal that primarily eats plants or algae.
Carnivore
An animal that primarily eats other animals.
Omnivore
An animal that regularly consumes both plants and animals.
Essential Nutrients
Materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules and must obtain in
preassembled form from their diet.
Malnutrition
A diet that lacks one or more essential nutrients.
Undernutrition
A condition resulting from a diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body
requires.
Intracellular Digestion
The hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles, which begins after a cell engulfs food by phagocytosis or
pinocytosis.
, Gastrovascular Cavity
A central digestive compartment with a single opening that functions in both digestion and
distribution of nutrients.
Alimentary Canal
A complete digestive tract consisting of a tube running between two openings: a mouth and an
anus.
Sphincter
A ring-like valve of muscle that regulates the passage of material between compartments of the
alimentary canal.
Peristalsis
Rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal that push
food along the tract.
Chyme
The mixture of ingested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach.
Four classes of essential nutrients
Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
Why do plant-based diets require specific combinations?
Most plant proteins are 'incomplete,' meaning they lack one or more of the essential amino acids
required by humans; combining different plant sources ensures a complete profile of all essential
amino acids.
