Bio 109 (Final Exam-Questions and Correct
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Chromosome
Structures within the nucleus, composed of DNA and protein
Genes
DNA sequences that contain instructions for building protein
Homozygous
Two identical alleles at a particular locus
Heterozygous
Two different alleles at a particular
Genotype
An individual's complete set of alleles. Always as letters (Tt, HHtt, Ww)
Phenotype
Observable physical and functional traits
Genome
A sum total of all of an organism's DNA
Mendel's Law of Segregation and Independent Assortment
Each individual contains 1 allele from each parent. Gametes carry only one allele of each
gene. Monohybrid crosses. Genes for different traits are separated from each other
,independently during meiosis. Does not apply if two genes are on the same chromosome
(Dihybrid crosses)
Incomplete Dominance
There are three phenotypes instead of two, Heterozygote expresses a new phenotype.
Codominance
Both alleles fight for dominance. Different alleles on both chromosomes are turned on. Still two
phenotypes, but both are being expressed at the same time.
Polygenic Inheritance
Polygenic traits are usually distributed within a population as a continuous range of
values.(Height, weight, hair color)
Nondisjunction
During meiosis, failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate. Always
changes the total number of chromosomes. A gamete may end up with two copies of a
chromosome, instead of just one.
Chromosome Alterations
Deletions/Insertions/Translocations
Inherited Disorders
Genetic disorders that can be passed down
Down Syndrome
, Three copies of chromosome number 21
Jacob Syndrome
Males, tall, otherwise fairly normal. Above average number in prison population
Klinefelter syndrome
Males, tall, sterile, mild mental impairment, some breast enlargement
Turner Syndrome
Female, short, normal intelligence, sterile
Achondroplasia
Form of dwarfism
Huntington Disease
Caused by lethal dominant allele. Always expressed in heterozygote. Always lethal. Destroys
brain neurons, not expressed until midlife.
Homeostasis
Regulation of chemicals in the body. Endocrine organs release hormones that regulate all major
systems of your body. Ex. Mood, sleep cycles, sexual maturity, energy levels (glucose), heart
rate, ph, electrolyte balance.
Synthesize
Answers Guaranteed A+!
Chromosome
Structures within the nucleus, composed of DNA and protein
Genes
DNA sequences that contain instructions for building protein
Homozygous
Two identical alleles at a particular locus
Heterozygous
Two different alleles at a particular
Genotype
An individual's complete set of alleles. Always as letters (Tt, HHtt, Ww)
Phenotype
Observable physical and functional traits
Genome
A sum total of all of an organism's DNA
Mendel's Law of Segregation and Independent Assortment
Each individual contains 1 allele from each parent. Gametes carry only one allele of each
gene. Monohybrid crosses. Genes for different traits are separated from each other
,independently during meiosis. Does not apply if two genes are on the same chromosome
(Dihybrid crosses)
Incomplete Dominance
There are three phenotypes instead of two, Heterozygote expresses a new phenotype.
Codominance
Both alleles fight for dominance. Different alleles on both chromosomes are turned on. Still two
phenotypes, but both are being expressed at the same time.
Polygenic Inheritance
Polygenic traits are usually distributed within a population as a continuous range of
values.(Height, weight, hair color)
Nondisjunction
During meiosis, failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate. Always
changes the total number of chromosomes. A gamete may end up with two copies of a
chromosome, instead of just one.
Chromosome Alterations
Deletions/Insertions/Translocations
Inherited Disorders
Genetic disorders that can be passed down
Down Syndrome
, Three copies of chromosome number 21
Jacob Syndrome
Males, tall, otherwise fairly normal. Above average number in prison population
Klinefelter syndrome
Males, tall, sterile, mild mental impairment, some breast enlargement
Turner Syndrome
Female, short, normal intelligence, sterile
Achondroplasia
Form of dwarfism
Huntington Disease
Caused by lethal dominant allele. Always expressed in heterozygote. Always lethal. Destroys
brain neurons, not expressed until midlife.
Homeostasis
Regulation of chemicals in the body. Endocrine organs release hormones that regulate all major
systems of your body. Ex. Mood, sleep cycles, sexual maturity, energy levels (glucose), heart
rate, ph, electrolyte balance.
Synthesize
