BIOD 101 – General Biology with Lab
Modules 1–6 & Final Exam Complete Review Guide
Portage Learning |
# MODULE 1: The Scientific Method & Chemistry of Life
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Question 1
In a controlled experiment, a scientist tests the effect of a new fertilizer on plant
growth. The plants that receive the fertilizer are the:
A) Control group
B) Experimental group
C) Independent variable
D) Dependent variable
Answer: B — The experimental group receives the treatment or variable being tested
(the fertilizer). The control group does not receive the treatment. The fertilizer is the
independent variable, and plant growth is the dependent variable.
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Question 2
A hypothesis must be:
A) Proven absolutely true
B) Testable and falsifiable
,C) Based only on mathematical models
D) A broad statement of natural phenomena
Answer: B — A hypothesis is a proposed, testable explanation for an observation. It
must be falsifiable, meaning it can be proven wrong through testing. In science,
hypotheses are supported or rejected, never absolutely "proven."
---
Question 3
Water has a high specific heat capacity. What does this mean for living organisms?
A) Water freezes easily, causing cellular damage
B) Water evaporates quickly, cooling the organism
C) Water absorbs and releases large amounts of heat with little temperature change,
providing temperature stability
D) Water cannot dissolve nutrients
Answer: C — High specific heat means water resists rapid temperature changes. This
property helps organisms maintain stable internal body temperatures and creates a
stable environment for aquatic life.
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Question 4
Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?
A) The equal sharing of electrons between two atoms
B) The unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial positive and negative charges
C) The complete transfer of an electron from one atom to another
,D) The sharing of electrons between two metal atoms
Answer: B — In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared unequally due to
differences in electronegativity (e.g., in water, oxygen pulls electrons closer, giving it a
partial negative charge and hydrogen a partial positive charge). Equal sharing is
nonpolar coval ent; complete transfer is ionic.
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Question 5
The bonding of two glucose molecules to form maltose is an example of:
A) Hydrolysis
B) Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)
C) Ionic bonding
D) Denaturation
Answer: B — Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule (H from one monomer,
OH from another) to form a covalent bond between monomers. Hydrolysis is the
reverse process, adding water to break bonds.
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Question 6
Which of the following macromolecules is the primary source of quick energy for cells?
A) Lipids
B) Proteins
C) Nucleic acids
D) Carbohydrates
, Answer: D — Carbohydrates are the body's primary and most easily accessible source
of energy (e.g., glucose). Lipids store long - term energy, proteins provide structure and
enzymatic functions, and nucleic acids store genetic information.
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Question 7
What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?
A) Monosaccharides
B) Nucleotides
C) Amino acids
D) Fatty acids and glycerol
Answer: C — Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. Monosaccharides build
carbohydrates; nucleotides build nucleic acids; fatty acids and glycerol build lipids.
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Question 8
Which type of lipid is the primary component of cell membranes?
A) Triglycerides
B) Steroids
C) Phospholipids
D) Waxes
Modules 1–6 & Final Exam Complete Review Guide
Portage Learning |
# MODULE 1: The Scientific Method & Chemistry of Life
---
Question 1
In a controlled experiment, a scientist tests the effect of a new fertilizer on plant
growth. The plants that receive the fertilizer are the:
A) Control group
B) Experimental group
C) Independent variable
D) Dependent variable
Answer: B — The experimental group receives the treatment or variable being tested
(the fertilizer). The control group does not receive the treatment. The fertilizer is the
independent variable, and plant growth is the dependent variable.
---
Question 2
A hypothesis must be:
A) Proven absolutely true
B) Testable and falsifiable
,C) Based only on mathematical models
D) A broad statement of natural phenomena
Answer: B — A hypothesis is a proposed, testable explanation for an observation. It
must be falsifiable, meaning it can be proven wrong through testing. In science,
hypotheses are supported or rejected, never absolutely "proven."
---
Question 3
Water has a high specific heat capacity. What does this mean for living organisms?
A) Water freezes easily, causing cellular damage
B) Water evaporates quickly, cooling the organism
C) Water absorbs and releases large amounts of heat with little temperature change,
providing temperature stability
D) Water cannot dissolve nutrients
Answer: C — High specific heat means water resists rapid temperature changes. This
property helps organisms maintain stable internal body temperatures and creates a
stable environment for aquatic life.
---
Question 4
Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?
A) The equal sharing of electrons between two atoms
B) The unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial positive and negative charges
C) The complete transfer of an electron from one atom to another
,D) The sharing of electrons between two metal atoms
Answer: B — In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared unequally due to
differences in electronegativity (e.g., in water, oxygen pulls electrons closer, giving it a
partial negative charge and hydrogen a partial positive charge). Equal sharing is
nonpolar coval ent; complete transfer is ionic.
---
Question 5
The bonding of two glucose molecules to form maltose is an example of:
A) Hydrolysis
B) Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)
C) Ionic bonding
D) Denaturation
Answer: B — Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule (H from one monomer,
OH from another) to form a covalent bond between monomers. Hydrolysis is the
reverse process, adding water to break bonds.
---
Question 6
Which of the following macromolecules is the primary source of quick energy for cells?
A) Lipids
B) Proteins
C) Nucleic acids
D) Carbohydrates
, Answer: D — Carbohydrates are the body's primary and most easily accessible source
of energy (e.g., glucose). Lipids store long - term energy, proteins provide structure and
enzymatic functions, and nucleic acids store genetic information.
---
Question 7
What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?
A) Monosaccharides
B) Nucleotides
C) Amino acids
D) Fatty acids and glycerol
Answer: C — Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. Monosaccharides build
carbohydrates; nucleotides build nucleic acids; fatty acids and glycerol build lipids.
---
Question 8
Which type of lipid is the primary component of cell membranes?
A) Triglycerides
B) Steroids
C) Phospholipids
D) Waxes
