Grand Canyon University
Course Number: BIO 201
Course Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Exam: Final Exam
Date:2026
A 25-year-old patient presents with severe dehydration after prolonged vomiting. Which cellular
process is primarily responsible for fluid shift out of cells?
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Endocytosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Osmosis drives water movement across semipermeable membranes due to osmotic
gradients.
---
A patient with hypoxia shows decreased ATP production. Which organelle is most affected?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosome
D. Ribosome
1
,Answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP via aerobic metabolism.
---
True/False: Facilitated diffusion requires ATP to move substances across the cell membrane.
Answer: False
Rationale: Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins but does not require energy.
---
Fill in the blank: The process by which cells engulf large particles is called __________.
Answer: Phagocytosis
Rationale: A form of endocytosis used by immune cells.
---
A patient has a burn injury affecting the epidermis and dermis. Which function of the skin is most
compromised?
A. Hormone production
B. Temperature regulation
C. Oxygen transport
D. Blood filtration
2
,Answer: B
Rationale: Skin regulates temperature through sweat and blood flow.
---
A patient with vitamin D deficiency presents with weakened bones. Which physiological process is
impaired?
A. Protein synthesis
B. Calcium absorption
C. Oxygen transport
D. Glucose metabolism
Answer: B
Rationale: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption.
---
True/False: Osteoblasts are responsible for bone resorption.
Answer: False
Rationale: Osteoclasts resorb bone; osteoblasts build bone.
---
Fill in the blank: The structural unit of compact bone is called the __________.
3
, Answer: Osteon
Rationale: Also known as the Haversian system.
---
A patient fractures the femur. Which type of bone is this classified as?
A. Flat bone
B. Long bone
C. Irregular bone
D. Sesamoid bone
Answer: B
Rationale: The femur is a long bone.
---
A patient has difficulty flexing the elbow due to muscle injury. Which muscle is primarily
affected?
A. Triceps brachii
B. Biceps brachii
C. Deltoid
D. Latissimus dorsi
Answer: B
Rationale: The biceps brachii is responsible for elbow flexion.
4
Course Number: BIO 201
Course Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Exam: Final Exam
Date:2026
A 25-year-old patient presents with severe dehydration after prolonged vomiting. Which cellular
process is primarily responsible for fluid shift out of cells?
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Endocytosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Osmosis drives water movement across semipermeable membranes due to osmotic
gradients.
---
A patient with hypoxia shows decreased ATP production. Which organelle is most affected?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosome
D. Ribosome
1
,Answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP via aerobic metabolism.
---
True/False: Facilitated diffusion requires ATP to move substances across the cell membrane.
Answer: False
Rationale: Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins but does not require energy.
---
Fill in the blank: The process by which cells engulf large particles is called __________.
Answer: Phagocytosis
Rationale: A form of endocytosis used by immune cells.
---
A patient has a burn injury affecting the epidermis and dermis. Which function of the skin is most
compromised?
A. Hormone production
B. Temperature regulation
C. Oxygen transport
D. Blood filtration
2
,Answer: B
Rationale: Skin regulates temperature through sweat and blood flow.
---
A patient with vitamin D deficiency presents with weakened bones. Which physiological process is
impaired?
A. Protein synthesis
B. Calcium absorption
C. Oxygen transport
D. Glucose metabolism
Answer: B
Rationale: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption.
---
True/False: Osteoblasts are responsible for bone resorption.
Answer: False
Rationale: Osteoclasts resorb bone; osteoblasts build bone.
---
Fill in the blank: The structural unit of compact bone is called the __________.
3
, Answer: Osteon
Rationale: Also known as the Haversian system.
---
A patient fractures the femur. Which type of bone is this classified as?
A. Flat bone
B. Long bone
C. Irregular bone
D. Sesamoid bone
Answer: B
Rationale: The femur is a long bone.
---
A patient has difficulty flexing the elbow due to muscle injury. Which muscle is primarily
affected?
A. Triceps brachii
B. Biceps brachii
C. Deltoid
D. Latissimus dorsi
Answer: B
Rationale: The biceps brachii is responsible for elbow flexion.
4
