NRSG 502 – Exam 1, Advanced Pathophysiology Nursing Course, Study Guide and Key
Concepts Review
Pathophysiology - ✔✔the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
disease - ✔✔An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Etiology - ✔✔cause of disease (the why)
Pathogenesis - ✔✔development of the disease (the how)
Cytoplasm components - ✔✔- membrane enclosed organelles
- cytoplasmic matrix
- inorganic ions (K+)
- organic molecules (carbs, proteins/enzymes, lipids, metabolites, RNA)
- water
Nucleus components - ✔✔- genome
- enzymes required for replication and transcription
Ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
- nucleoproteins (rRNA and proteins)
* some are free floating, some are part of the ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where
many proteins for transport are assembled.
,Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized,
calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Golgi apparatus - ✔✔A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export
by the cell
Lysosomes - ✔✔Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
Peroxisomes - ✔✔Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and
other harmful chemicals
Proteasomes - ✔✔A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for
elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.
Mitochondria - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
regulates apoptosis
Microtubules - ✔✔Development and maintenance of cell formation, transport inside cells
- create structure, not flexible
Cilia (surfaces of epithelial linings)
Flagella (sperm cell movement)
Microfilaments - ✔✔thin and thick
intermediate
different epithelial lining and flagella
more flexible, because it makes up more muscle tissue
, thin microfilaments - ✔✔actin
thick microfilaments - ✔✔myosin
The plasma membrane is... - ✔✔semipermeable (selectively allows the ins and outs); structure
separates intra- and extracellular environments
plasma membrane functions - ✔✔- controls transport of materials in and out of the cell
- receptors for signaling
(G-protein linked, enzyme linked, ion channel linked receptors)
- regulates cell growth and proliferation
Lipid bilayer = hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
endocrine (hormonal) signaling - ✔✔hormones carried into blood stream to DISTANT cell
EX; Thyroid hormone
paracrine signaling - ✔✔signaling acts on NEARBY cells
autocrine signaling - ✔✔cell releases chemical that affects its OWN activity
synaptic signaling - ✔✔neurotransmitters released from neurons into synapse to act on
NEIGHBORING cell
signal transduction - ✔✔binding of chemical messengers on cell surface or inside the cell
Concepts Review
Pathophysiology - ✔✔the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
disease - ✔✔An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Etiology - ✔✔cause of disease (the why)
Pathogenesis - ✔✔development of the disease (the how)
Cytoplasm components - ✔✔- membrane enclosed organelles
- cytoplasmic matrix
- inorganic ions (K+)
- organic molecules (carbs, proteins/enzymes, lipids, metabolites, RNA)
- water
Nucleus components - ✔✔- genome
- enzymes required for replication and transcription
Ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
- nucleoproteins (rRNA and proteins)
* some are free floating, some are part of the ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where
many proteins for transport are assembled.
,Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized,
calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Golgi apparatus - ✔✔A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export
by the cell
Lysosomes - ✔✔Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
Peroxisomes - ✔✔Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and
other harmful chemicals
Proteasomes - ✔✔A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for
elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.
Mitochondria - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
regulates apoptosis
Microtubules - ✔✔Development and maintenance of cell formation, transport inside cells
- create structure, not flexible
Cilia (surfaces of epithelial linings)
Flagella (sperm cell movement)
Microfilaments - ✔✔thin and thick
intermediate
different epithelial lining and flagella
more flexible, because it makes up more muscle tissue
, thin microfilaments - ✔✔actin
thick microfilaments - ✔✔myosin
The plasma membrane is... - ✔✔semipermeable (selectively allows the ins and outs); structure
separates intra- and extracellular environments
plasma membrane functions - ✔✔- controls transport of materials in and out of the cell
- receptors for signaling
(G-protein linked, enzyme linked, ion channel linked receptors)
- regulates cell growth and proliferation
Lipid bilayer = hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
endocrine (hormonal) signaling - ✔✔hormones carried into blood stream to DISTANT cell
EX; Thyroid hormone
paracrine signaling - ✔✔signaling acts on NEARBY cells
autocrine signaling - ✔✔cell releases chemical that affects its OWN activity
synaptic signaling - ✔✔neurotransmitters released from neurons into synapse to act on
NEIGHBORING cell
signal transduction - ✔✔binding of chemical messengers on cell surface or inside the cell
