NUR 502 – Final Exam, Advanced Pathophysiology Nursing Course, Comprehensive Review and
Exam Preparation Guide
Flexion - ✔✔bending limb at joint
Extension - ✔✔straightening limb at joint
Abduction - ✔✔moving limb away from midline of body
Adduction - ✔✔moving limb toward midline of body
Pronation - ✔✔turning forearm so that palm is down
Supination - ✔✔turning forearm so that palm is up
Circumduction - ✔✔moving arm in circle around shoulder
Inversion - ✔✔moving sole of foot inward at ankle
Eversion - ✔✔moving sole of foot outward at ankle
Rotation - ✔✔moving head around central axis
Protraction - ✔✔moving body part forward, parallel to ground
Retraction - ✔✔moving body part backward, parallel to ground
, Elevation - ✔✔raising a body part
Depression - ✔✔lowering a body part
Movements of upper extremities - ✔✔Fingers: flex/ extend/ hyperextend
Wrist: flex/ extend/ hyperextend/ radial & ulnar deviation
Elbows: flex/extend
Shoulders: flex/ extend/ internal & external rotation/ circumduction
Movements of lower extremities - ✔✔Hips: flex/ extend/ hyperextend/ abduction/ adduction/
internal & external rotation
Knees: flex/ extend
Ankles: dorsi/ plantar flexion
Crepitation - ✔✔an audible sound that is produced by roughened articular surfaces moving
over each other
- can occur in the joints, like the knees, shoulders, elbows, and neck. It usually results when
surfaces in a joint rub together from long-term inflammatory conditions, like rheumatoid
arthritis
Fibromyalgia - ✔✔widespread musculoskeletal pain greater than 3 months accompanied by
fatigue, sleep disturbance, memory, and mood issues
- more prevalent in women than men
- issue with sensory processing allodynia and/or hyperalgesia
Osteoarthritis (OA) - ✔✔progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage
and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
Exam Preparation Guide
Flexion - ✔✔bending limb at joint
Extension - ✔✔straightening limb at joint
Abduction - ✔✔moving limb away from midline of body
Adduction - ✔✔moving limb toward midline of body
Pronation - ✔✔turning forearm so that palm is down
Supination - ✔✔turning forearm so that palm is up
Circumduction - ✔✔moving arm in circle around shoulder
Inversion - ✔✔moving sole of foot inward at ankle
Eversion - ✔✔moving sole of foot outward at ankle
Rotation - ✔✔moving head around central axis
Protraction - ✔✔moving body part forward, parallel to ground
Retraction - ✔✔moving body part backward, parallel to ground
, Elevation - ✔✔raising a body part
Depression - ✔✔lowering a body part
Movements of upper extremities - ✔✔Fingers: flex/ extend/ hyperextend
Wrist: flex/ extend/ hyperextend/ radial & ulnar deviation
Elbows: flex/extend
Shoulders: flex/ extend/ internal & external rotation/ circumduction
Movements of lower extremities - ✔✔Hips: flex/ extend/ hyperextend/ abduction/ adduction/
internal & external rotation
Knees: flex/ extend
Ankles: dorsi/ plantar flexion
Crepitation - ✔✔an audible sound that is produced by roughened articular surfaces moving
over each other
- can occur in the joints, like the knees, shoulders, elbows, and neck. It usually results when
surfaces in a joint rub together from long-term inflammatory conditions, like rheumatoid
arthritis
Fibromyalgia - ✔✔widespread musculoskeletal pain greater than 3 months accompanied by
fatigue, sleep disturbance, memory, and mood issues
- more prevalent in women than men
- issue with sensory processing allodynia and/or hyperalgesia
Osteoarthritis (OA) - ✔✔progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage
and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
