NUR 502 – Advanced Pathophysiology, Graduate Nursing Course, Comprehensive Study Guide
and Core Concepts Review
During times of increasing blood volume such as in heart failure, a compensatory renal response
is:
A) afferent arteriole vasoconstriction and efferent arteriole vasodilation to promote
reabsorption of fluid.
B) release of urodilatin, which inhibits water and sodium reabsorption thereby leading to
diuresis.
C) inhibition of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides to prevent fluid retention. D) increase in
antidiuretic hormone release which promotes diuresis. - correct answer ✔✔B
A 70-year-old woman with severe rheumatoid arthritis has difficulty with activities of daily living
such as eating and dressing herself. She also states that she sometimes is incontinent of urine
because she has trouble walking to the bathroom because of pain and getting her underwear
off quickly enough. The type of incontinence she is describing is:
A) gross.
B) mixed.
C) stress.
D) functional. - correct answer ✔✔D
A mother is concerned about her 5-year-old son wetting his bed at night. She says he has rarely
had a "dry" night and during the day he does not have accidents. What is the most likely cause
of this enuresis?
A) Urine infection
B) Reduced antidiuretic hormone response
C) Normal delay in voiding control maturation
D) Detrusor overstretching from holding his urine during the daytime - correct answer ✔✔C
,Which of the following is an accurate description of a flaccid bladder?
A) The bladder is generally overactive with frequency and urgency.
B) It is often the result of central nervous system disorders such as a stroke.
C) Damage to the innervation from the bladder to the spinal cord causes detrusor areflexia.
D) There are mainly problems with the storage of urine. - correct answer ✔✔C
Escherichia coli is a common organism implicated in uncomplicated urinary tract infections
because:
A) it is more virulent than other bacteria.
B) it is around the anus, and the proximity to the urethra allows easy access.
C) lactobacillus in the vagina promotes growth.
D) it easily spreads through the pelvic vascular system. - correct answer ✔✔B
Which of the following diagnostic findings is present in pyelonephritis but not in acute cystitis?
A) White blood cell casts
B) Nitrites
C) Leukocyte esterase
D) Hematuria - correct answer ✔✔A
A man has hematuria and colicky flank pain. A kidney stone is suspected. Which diagnostic test
is best to order to evaluate the stone size, location, and hydronephrosis?
A) Kidney magnetic resonance image (MRI)
B) Ultrasound of the bladder and kidney
C) Computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis
D) X-ray of the kidneys, ureter, and bladder - correct answer ✔✔C
Stones form in the kidney as a result of:
, A) excessive dietary calcium, which increases oxalate binding.
B) increased concentration of insoluble salts in the urine.
C) increased levels of citrate and magnesium.
D) a loss of integrity in the bladder lining causing a Hunner plaque. - correct answer ✔✔B
A mother brings in her 4-year-old daughter because she felt a "lump" on her abdomen and she
feels her daughter's belly is swollen. The mother states her daughter is pretty healthy but has
been stating that her stomach hurts on and off. Physical exam reveals a nontender abdominal
mass that is firm and does not cross the midline. Based on this presentation, a possible
diagnosis is:
A) polycystic kidney disease.
B) dysplastic kidney.
C) nephroblastoma.
D) renal cell carcinoma. - correct answer ✔✔C
Which of the following is the most common risk factor associated with the development of
bladder cancer?
A) Chronic urinary infections
B) Excessive analgesic use
C) Obesity
D) Smoking - correct answer ✔✔D
Causes of painless, asymptomatic hematuria include:
A) urolithiasis
B) urothelial cell carcinoma
C) acute cystitis
D) renal cell carcinoma
E) urothelial cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma - correct answer ✔✔E
and Core Concepts Review
During times of increasing blood volume such as in heart failure, a compensatory renal response
is:
A) afferent arteriole vasoconstriction and efferent arteriole vasodilation to promote
reabsorption of fluid.
B) release of urodilatin, which inhibits water and sodium reabsorption thereby leading to
diuresis.
C) inhibition of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides to prevent fluid retention. D) increase in
antidiuretic hormone release which promotes diuresis. - correct answer ✔✔B
A 70-year-old woman with severe rheumatoid arthritis has difficulty with activities of daily living
such as eating and dressing herself. She also states that she sometimes is incontinent of urine
because she has trouble walking to the bathroom because of pain and getting her underwear
off quickly enough. The type of incontinence she is describing is:
A) gross.
B) mixed.
C) stress.
D) functional. - correct answer ✔✔D
A mother is concerned about her 5-year-old son wetting his bed at night. She says he has rarely
had a "dry" night and during the day he does not have accidents. What is the most likely cause
of this enuresis?
A) Urine infection
B) Reduced antidiuretic hormone response
C) Normal delay in voiding control maturation
D) Detrusor overstretching from holding his urine during the daytime - correct answer ✔✔C
,Which of the following is an accurate description of a flaccid bladder?
A) The bladder is generally overactive with frequency and urgency.
B) It is often the result of central nervous system disorders such as a stroke.
C) Damage to the innervation from the bladder to the spinal cord causes detrusor areflexia.
D) There are mainly problems with the storage of urine. - correct answer ✔✔C
Escherichia coli is a common organism implicated in uncomplicated urinary tract infections
because:
A) it is more virulent than other bacteria.
B) it is around the anus, and the proximity to the urethra allows easy access.
C) lactobacillus in the vagina promotes growth.
D) it easily spreads through the pelvic vascular system. - correct answer ✔✔B
Which of the following diagnostic findings is present in pyelonephritis but not in acute cystitis?
A) White blood cell casts
B) Nitrites
C) Leukocyte esterase
D) Hematuria - correct answer ✔✔A
A man has hematuria and colicky flank pain. A kidney stone is suspected. Which diagnostic test
is best to order to evaluate the stone size, location, and hydronephrosis?
A) Kidney magnetic resonance image (MRI)
B) Ultrasound of the bladder and kidney
C) Computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis
D) X-ray of the kidneys, ureter, and bladder - correct answer ✔✔C
Stones form in the kidney as a result of:
, A) excessive dietary calcium, which increases oxalate binding.
B) increased concentration of insoluble salts in the urine.
C) increased levels of citrate and magnesium.
D) a loss of integrity in the bladder lining causing a Hunner plaque. - correct answer ✔✔B
A mother brings in her 4-year-old daughter because she felt a "lump" on her abdomen and she
feels her daughter's belly is swollen. The mother states her daughter is pretty healthy but has
been stating that her stomach hurts on and off. Physical exam reveals a nontender abdominal
mass that is firm and does not cross the midline. Based on this presentation, a possible
diagnosis is:
A) polycystic kidney disease.
B) dysplastic kidney.
C) nephroblastoma.
D) renal cell carcinoma. - correct answer ✔✔C
Which of the following is the most common risk factor associated with the development of
bladder cancer?
A) Chronic urinary infections
B) Excessive analgesic use
C) Obesity
D) Smoking - correct answer ✔✔D
Causes of painless, asymptomatic hematuria include:
A) urolithiasis
B) urothelial cell carcinoma
C) acute cystitis
D) renal cell carcinoma
E) urothelial cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma - correct answer ✔✔E
