NRSG 502 – Exam 1, Advanced Pathophysiology Nursing Course, Study Guide and
Foundational Concepts Review
Active transport - correct answer ✔✔requires energy
moves solutes across the membrane against the concentration gradient
passive transport - correct answer ✔✔areas of higher concentration --> areas of lower
concentration
does not require an input of energy (does not require ATP)
three types: diffusion, filtration and osmosis
diffusion - correct answer ✔✔areas of higher concentration --> areas of lower concentration
filtration - correct answer ✔✔diffusion through a membrane? using a pressure gradient?
osmosis - correct answer ✔✔Diffusion of water molecules
Water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration
Moving to where there is less water or a higher solute concentration
Explain the role of 2nd messengers in signal transduction. - correct answer ✔✔Signal
transduction: binding of chemical messengers on cell surface or inside cell.
signaling system = receptor + messenger
, messenger molecule attaches to receptor proteins.
cell surface receptors - specialized for cell type
require 2nd messenger to propagate signal (intracellular enzymes and other molecules that
trigger a signaling cascade inside the cell like cyclic AMP)
this is for water soluble (hydrophilic) messengers
atrophy - correct answer ✔✔Smaller size → lower and more efficient level of function
Disuse - decrease in work of cell → smaller cell size
Menopause - decreased estrogen signaling to certain tissues, causes cells in the reproductive
system to atrophy because they do not need to be used anymore
malnutrition, decrease or prevention of blood flow - insufficient nutrients. Tissue decreases in
size because it doesn't get all the tools it needs to survive
Adaptation where the cell can stay alive instead of die.
Occurs when you don't need to use it that much. Like when you have a cast and haven't been
using your arm muscles.
Hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔Increased cell size due to increased workload
Physiologic - cardiac, skeletal muscle from exercise
Foundational Concepts Review
Active transport - correct answer ✔✔requires energy
moves solutes across the membrane against the concentration gradient
passive transport - correct answer ✔✔areas of higher concentration --> areas of lower
concentration
does not require an input of energy (does not require ATP)
three types: diffusion, filtration and osmosis
diffusion - correct answer ✔✔areas of higher concentration --> areas of lower concentration
filtration - correct answer ✔✔diffusion through a membrane? using a pressure gradient?
osmosis - correct answer ✔✔Diffusion of water molecules
Water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration
Moving to where there is less water or a higher solute concentration
Explain the role of 2nd messengers in signal transduction. - correct answer ✔✔Signal
transduction: binding of chemical messengers on cell surface or inside cell.
signaling system = receptor + messenger
, messenger molecule attaches to receptor proteins.
cell surface receptors - specialized for cell type
require 2nd messenger to propagate signal (intracellular enzymes and other molecules that
trigger a signaling cascade inside the cell like cyclic AMP)
this is for water soluble (hydrophilic) messengers
atrophy - correct answer ✔✔Smaller size → lower and more efficient level of function
Disuse - decrease in work of cell → smaller cell size
Menopause - decreased estrogen signaling to certain tissues, causes cells in the reproductive
system to atrophy because they do not need to be used anymore
malnutrition, decrease or prevention of blood flow - insufficient nutrients. Tissue decreases in
size because it doesn't get all the tools it needs to survive
Adaptation where the cell can stay alive instead of die.
Occurs when you don't need to use it that much. Like when you have a cast and haven't been
using your arm muscles.
Hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔Increased cell size due to increased workload
Physiologic - cardiac, skeletal muscle from exercise
