NUR 2063 – Pathophysiology Final Exam, Nursing Course, Comprehensive System-Based Study
Guide and Review Material
Explain primary prevention - ANS ✔✔Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
of disease for people
Explain secondary prevention - ANS ✔✔"Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention - ANS ✔✔"Treating" and preventing further complications from a
disorder or disease after the person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention? - ANS ✔✔Vaccinations and Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention? - ANS ✔✔PAP smears for STDs, lab work for
HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention? - ANS ✔✔Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's
after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response? - ANS
✔✔Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response? -
ANS ✔✔Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
Explain the role of the nucleus - ANS ✔✔control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are
stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins
,Explain the role of the mitochondria - ANS ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP,
and has its own set of DNA
Explain the role of the ribosome - ANS ✔✔produces RNA to produce proteins through
transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes - ANS ✔✔helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles,
or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER - ANS ✔✔folded membranes that move proteins around the
cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER - ANS ✔✔helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid
metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome - ANS ✔✔membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase
to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body - ANS ✔✔stacked membranes that act as the sorter and
packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell
Explain passive immunity - ANS ✔✔the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific
antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized
person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and
IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity? - ANS ✔✔mom to fetus through placenta or mom to
infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
,Explain active immunity - ANS ✔✔a protective state owing to the immune system response as a
result of active infection or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to
fight it to have long term immunity
What are examples of active immunity? - ANS ✔✔Vaccinations
Explain what edema is - ANS ✔✔accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue
swelling
What are some causes of edema? - ANS ✔✔increase in the forces that move fluid from
capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema? - ANS ✔✔Increase in hydrostatic forces in the
capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN,
decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto more water- ascites,
cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity? - ANS ✔✔an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the
normal range, leading to damage
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - ANS ✔✔anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure.
Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes,
and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts
and breaks out in hives and runny nose
, How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - ANS ✔✔antihistamines to block histamine,
beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy,
epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? - ANS ✔✔hives, runny
nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing
symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔Blood transfusions when wrong blood given,
hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - ANS ✔✔The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes
of cells. Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex
Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔immune complexes
Examples type 3 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔RA, lupus
What is type 4 hypersensitivity? - ANS ✔✔there is a delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells.
Antigens are phagocytized and are sensitized to receptors on the t cell. Reexposure causes the
memory cells to release destructive cytokines.
Mediating factor type 4 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔delayed cell mediated
Examples type 4 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔TB test, contact dermatitis
Guide and Review Material
Explain primary prevention - ANS ✔✔Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
of disease for people
Explain secondary prevention - ANS ✔✔"Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention - ANS ✔✔"Treating" and preventing further complications from a
disorder or disease after the person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention? - ANS ✔✔Vaccinations and Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention? - ANS ✔✔PAP smears for STDs, lab work for
HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention? - ANS ✔✔Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's
after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response? - ANS
✔✔Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response? -
ANS ✔✔Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
Explain the role of the nucleus - ANS ✔✔control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are
stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins
,Explain the role of the mitochondria - ANS ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP,
and has its own set of DNA
Explain the role of the ribosome - ANS ✔✔produces RNA to produce proteins through
transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes - ANS ✔✔helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles,
or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER - ANS ✔✔folded membranes that move proteins around the
cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER - ANS ✔✔helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid
metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome - ANS ✔✔membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase
to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body - ANS ✔✔stacked membranes that act as the sorter and
packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell
Explain passive immunity - ANS ✔✔the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific
antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized
person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and
IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity? - ANS ✔✔mom to fetus through placenta or mom to
infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
,Explain active immunity - ANS ✔✔a protective state owing to the immune system response as a
result of active infection or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to
fight it to have long term immunity
What are examples of active immunity? - ANS ✔✔Vaccinations
Explain what edema is - ANS ✔✔accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue
swelling
What are some causes of edema? - ANS ✔✔increase in the forces that move fluid from
capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema? - ANS ✔✔Increase in hydrostatic forces in the
capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN,
decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto more water- ascites,
cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity? - ANS ✔✔an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the
normal range, leading to damage
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - ANS ✔✔anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure.
Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes,
and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts
and breaks out in hives and runny nose
, How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - ANS ✔✔antihistamines to block histamine,
beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy,
epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? - ANS ✔✔hives, runny
nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing
symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔Blood transfusions when wrong blood given,
hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - ANS ✔✔The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes
of cells. Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex
Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔immune complexes
Examples type 3 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔RA, lupus
What is type 4 hypersensitivity? - ANS ✔✔there is a delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells.
Antigens are phagocytized and are sensitized to receptors on the t cell. Reexposure causes the
memory cells to release destructive cytokines.
Mediating factor type 4 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔delayed cell mediated
Examples type 4 hypersensitivity - ANS ✔✔TB test, contact dermatitis
