NSG 502 – Exam 2, Advanced Pathophysiology Nursing Course, Study Guide and
System-Based Review Material
Define -ectopy - ✔✔- excision or removal of
- ex: appendectomy
Define -lysis (surgical) - ✔✔- destruction of
- electrolysis (hair removal)
Define -orrhaphy - ✔✔- repair or suture of
- ex: herniorrhaphy
Define -oscopy - ✔✔- looking into
- ex: endoscopy
Define -ostomy - ✔✔- creation of opening into
- ex: colonoscopy
Define -otomy - ✔✔- cutting into or incision of
- ex: tracheotomy
Define -plasty - ✔✔- repair or reconstruction of
- ex: mammoplasty
Define bypass - ✔✔- surgery to provide a conduit past a blockage
,- ex: coronary artery bypass surgery; gastric bypass surgery
Define rhino- - ✔✔- nose
- ex: rhinoplasty (nose job)
Define tympano- - ✔✔- ear drum (tympanic membrane)
- ex: tympanostomy
Define thorac- - ✔✔- chest
- ex: thoracentesis
Define pnemon- - ✔✔- lungs
- ex: pneumonectomy
Define herni- - ✔✔rupture/protrusion
Define col- - ✔✔- colon
- ex: colectomy
Define ileo- - ✔✔- ilium
- ex: ileostomy
List critical parameters within the preoperative history and physical that have the potential to
delay surgery: *infection unrelated to surgical procedure* - ✔✔- check CBC for elevated WBC
- An impaired immune system can lead to delayed wound healing and an increased risk for
infections.
- Elective surgery may be canceled if the patient has an acute infection (e.g., sinusitis, influenza).
,List critical parameters within the preoperative history and physical that have the potential to
delay surgery: *coagulapathy from drugs or diseases* - ✔✔- check INR/PT, aPTT
- gotta be able to control the bleeding as you cut someone open
three legal requirements of informed consent - ✔✔- *adequate disclosure* of diagnosis,
treatments, risks, probability of success, alternative treatments, alternative prognoses
- *patient understanding* before sedation
- *gives consent voluntarily*
discuss legal implications of informed consent - ✔✔- surgeon is ultimately responsible
- nurse is witness to signature
- nurse is advocate for patient understanding, implications, and no coercion
- consent can be withdrawn at any time (even if signed)
- If the patient is a minor, unconscious, or mentally incompetent to sign the permit, a legally
appointed representative or responsible family member may give written permission
- A true medical emergency may override the need to obtain consent.
what is presumed consent? - ✔✔a legislative framework in which citizens must place their
name on a national opt-out register, otherwise their consent for donating their organs will be
presumed.
are emancipated minors able to consent to their own treatment? - ✔✔yes
Discuss the importance of surgical site and time out in the preoperative checklist. - ✔✔avoid a
sentinel event by ensuring the following:
- correct patient
- correct surgery
, - correct limb
- proper consent
Define general anesthesia - ✔✔- loss of sensation with loss of consciousness
- usually involves use of inhalation agents
- no cough, gag, vomit, sns reflexes/responsiveness
- *requires advanced airway management*
Define regional anesthesia - ✔✔- loss of sensation to a region of body
- no loss of consciousness
- blocks a specific nerve or group of nerves with local anesthetic
- ex: spinal, caudal, epidural anesthesia; peripheral nerve blocks
Define moderate/deep sedation - ✔✔- sedative, anxiolytic, and/or analgesic drugs used
- does not include inhalation agents
- patients responsive and breathe without assistance
- used for minor therapeutic procedures
Describe use of the following perioperative equipment: incentive spirometer, sequential
compression device, leg exercises, breathing techniques; adapt these interventions to meet the
needs of the pediatric population. - ✔✔- used to prevent atelectasis and clots, etc
- pediatric adaptations will go here if i remember to come back
cardiovascular/fluid volume post-operative care and appropriate nursing interventions. - ✔✔-
estimated blood loss
- monitor VS and trends (BP, HR, pulse pressure, rhythm)
- assess I/Os
System-Based Review Material
Define -ectopy - ✔✔- excision or removal of
- ex: appendectomy
Define -lysis (surgical) - ✔✔- destruction of
- electrolysis (hair removal)
Define -orrhaphy - ✔✔- repair or suture of
- ex: herniorrhaphy
Define -oscopy - ✔✔- looking into
- ex: endoscopy
Define -ostomy - ✔✔- creation of opening into
- ex: colonoscopy
Define -otomy - ✔✔- cutting into or incision of
- ex: tracheotomy
Define -plasty - ✔✔- repair or reconstruction of
- ex: mammoplasty
Define bypass - ✔✔- surgery to provide a conduit past a blockage
,- ex: coronary artery bypass surgery; gastric bypass surgery
Define rhino- - ✔✔- nose
- ex: rhinoplasty (nose job)
Define tympano- - ✔✔- ear drum (tympanic membrane)
- ex: tympanostomy
Define thorac- - ✔✔- chest
- ex: thoracentesis
Define pnemon- - ✔✔- lungs
- ex: pneumonectomy
Define herni- - ✔✔rupture/protrusion
Define col- - ✔✔- colon
- ex: colectomy
Define ileo- - ✔✔- ilium
- ex: ileostomy
List critical parameters within the preoperative history and physical that have the potential to
delay surgery: *infection unrelated to surgical procedure* - ✔✔- check CBC for elevated WBC
- An impaired immune system can lead to delayed wound healing and an increased risk for
infections.
- Elective surgery may be canceled if the patient has an acute infection (e.g., sinusitis, influenza).
,List critical parameters within the preoperative history and physical that have the potential to
delay surgery: *coagulapathy from drugs or diseases* - ✔✔- check INR/PT, aPTT
- gotta be able to control the bleeding as you cut someone open
three legal requirements of informed consent - ✔✔- *adequate disclosure* of diagnosis,
treatments, risks, probability of success, alternative treatments, alternative prognoses
- *patient understanding* before sedation
- *gives consent voluntarily*
discuss legal implications of informed consent - ✔✔- surgeon is ultimately responsible
- nurse is witness to signature
- nurse is advocate for patient understanding, implications, and no coercion
- consent can be withdrawn at any time (even if signed)
- If the patient is a minor, unconscious, or mentally incompetent to sign the permit, a legally
appointed representative or responsible family member may give written permission
- A true medical emergency may override the need to obtain consent.
what is presumed consent? - ✔✔a legislative framework in which citizens must place their
name on a national opt-out register, otherwise their consent for donating their organs will be
presumed.
are emancipated minors able to consent to their own treatment? - ✔✔yes
Discuss the importance of surgical site and time out in the preoperative checklist. - ✔✔avoid a
sentinel event by ensuring the following:
- correct patient
- correct surgery
, - correct limb
- proper consent
Define general anesthesia - ✔✔- loss of sensation with loss of consciousness
- usually involves use of inhalation agents
- no cough, gag, vomit, sns reflexes/responsiveness
- *requires advanced airway management*
Define regional anesthesia - ✔✔- loss of sensation to a region of body
- no loss of consciousness
- blocks a specific nerve or group of nerves with local anesthetic
- ex: spinal, caudal, epidural anesthesia; peripheral nerve blocks
Define moderate/deep sedation - ✔✔- sedative, anxiolytic, and/or analgesic drugs used
- does not include inhalation agents
- patients responsive and breathe without assistance
- used for minor therapeutic procedures
Describe use of the following perioperative equipment: incentive spirometer, sequential
compression device, leg exercises, breathing techniques; adapt these interventions to meet the
needs of the pediatric population. - ✔✔- used to prevent atelectasis and clots, etc
- pediatric adaptations will go here if i remember to come back
cardiovascular/fluid volume post-operative care and appropriate nursing interventions. - ✔✔-
estimated blood loss
- monitor VS and trends (BP, HR, pulse pressure, rhythm)
- assess I/Os
