AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY 7182 1 PAPER
1 INTRODUCTORY TOPICS IN
PSYCHOLOGY MARK SCHEME JUNE 2020
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Wilhelm Wundt. Answer: -In 1873 Wilhelm Wundt published the first
lab in Leipzig, Germany
-He broke down behaviours into their basic elements, his approach
became known as structuralism
-He was the first one to say you could study the mind
⩥ Introspection. Answer: Examining one's own mental activity and
breaking down conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts and
sensations. To inspect the human mind
⩥ The Behaviourist Approach. Answer: A way of explaining behaviour
in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
⩥ The Behaviourist Approach: Assumption. Answer: -All behaviour is
learned through experience and can be explained in terms of classical
conditioning and operant conditioning
,-Only observable behaviour is relevant; references to mental processes
are unnecessary
-Human behaviour is qualitatively no from non-human behaviour
⩥ Pavlov (1927). Answer: Focus on animal responses to new stimuli
(must have correct amount of sensitivity, otherwise overwhelming)
⩥ Classical Conditioning. Answer: A learning process that occurs when
two stimuli are repeatedly paired
Before Conditioning:
USC = UCR
NS ≠ UCR
During Conditioning:
UCS + NS = UCR
After Conditioning:
CS = CR
⩥ Generalisation. Answer: The conditioned response is produced when a
similar stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus is presented
, ⩥ Discrimination. Answer: The capacity to distinguish between similar
but distinct stimuli
⩥ Extinction. Answer: The diminishing of a conditioned response;
occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US)
does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant
conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
⩥ Unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Answer: In classical conditioning, a
stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a
response
⩥ Unconditioned response (UCR). Answer: In classical conditioning, the
unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
(UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth
⩥ Neutral Stimulus (NS). Answer: In classical conditioning, a stimulus
that elicits no response before conditioning
⩥ Conditioned Stimulus (CS). Answer: A stimulus that elicits a response
only after learning has taken place
⩥ Conditioned Response (CR). Answer: A reaction that resembles an
unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
1 INTRODUCTORY TOPICS IN
PSYCHOLOGY MARK SCHEME JUNE 2020
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Wilhelm Wundt. Answer: -In 1873 Wilhelm Wundt published the first
lab in Leipzig, Germany
-He broke down behaviours into their basic elements, his approach
became known as structuralism
-He was the first one to say you could study the mind
⩥ Introspection. Answer: Examining one's own mental activity and
breaking down conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts and
sensations. To inspect the human mind
⩥ The Behaviourist Approach. Answer: A way of explaining behaviour
in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
⩥ The Behaviourist Approach: Assumption. Answer: -All behaviour is
learned through experience and can be explained in terms of classical
conditioning and operant conditioning
,-Only observable behaviour is relevant; references to mental processes
are unnecessary
-Human behaviour is qualitatively no from non-human behaviour
⩥ Pavlov (1927). Answer: Focus on animal responses to new stimuli
(must have correct amount of sensitivity, otherwise overwhelming)
⩥ Classical Conditioning. Answer: A learning process that occurs when
two stimuli are repeatedly paired
Before Conditioning:
USC = UCR
NS ≠ UCR
During Conditioning:
UCS + NS = UCR
After Conditioning:
CS = CR
⩥ Generalisation. Answer: The conditioned response is produced when a
similar stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus is presented
, ⩥ Discrimination. Answer: The capacity to distinguish between similar
but distinct stimuli
⩥ Extinction. Answer: The diminishing of a conditioned response;
occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US)
does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant
conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
⩥ Unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Answer: In classical conditioning, a
stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a
response
⩥ Unconditioned response (UCR). Answer: In classical conditioning, the
unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
(UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth
⩥ Neutral Stimulus (NS). Answer: In classical conditioning, a stimulus
that elicits no response before conditioning
⩥ Conditioned Stimulus (CS). Answer: A stimulus that elicits a response
only after learning has taken place
⩥ Conditioned Response (CR). Answer: A reaction that resembles an
unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
