BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2026
Neurodevelopmental - ANSWERThe ____ hypothesis is a theory about the etiology
of schizophrenia that is an alternative to the genetic hypothesis. While it doesn't rule
out the role of genetics in the disorder, it also allows that other factors during fetal or
neonatal developent could cause subtle abnormalities in brain development that later
blossom into more severe symptoms as the brain continues to develop during
adolescence.
Short-term - ANSWER____-____ memory: Information stored for only about 30
seconds.
Long-term - ANSWER____-____ memory: Information lasting longer than 30
seconds, gets stored for later use. Memory is tested by accessing this type of
information.
Procedural - ANSWER____ memory: Knowing how to do something
Semantic - ANSWER____ memory: Not just language, but also what we know about
the world.
Episodic - ANSWER____ memory: feeling of knowing what has happened to us,
what we have experienced.
Declarative - ANSWER____ memory: Recollection of facts and events (verbally).
Nondeclarative - ANSWER____ memory: Memories that can not be described
verbally.
Occipital lobe - ANSWERThe ____ ____ is the most posterior, controls the visual
areas, and helps distinguish shapes and movement.
Temporal lobe - ANSWERThe ____ ____ is the inferior lateral portions of the cortex
that is the primary auditory cortes. Helps with higher order visual processing, deals
with language, and medual areas are important for emotion.
Parietal lobe - ANSWERThe ____ ____ helps move attention back and forth, spatial
processing, and sense of touch.
Frontal lobe - ANSWERThe ____ ____ is the most anterior/rostral lobe that contains
the motor cortex )primary motor area, supplementary motor area, helps with
preparation of movement), memory (working + retrieval effort, success, monitoring),
emotions, and control (prevents you from punching your boss).
, Glutamate - ANSWER____ has to bind to an NDMA receptor. Cell membrane must
also be depolarized; timing is key.
AMPA - ANSWER____: ionotropic glutamate receptor that lets in Na+ ions
(excitatory). If ____ receptors are stimulated by glutamate, they open and depolarize
the membrane.
NDMA - ANSWER____: ionotrophic glutamate receptor that lets in calcium ions but
ONLY if the cell membrane is already depolarized (if in resting state, channels are
plugged by magnesium). Magnesium dislodges from the ____ channels so that
calcium can enter.
CREB - ANSWER____: protein that activates genes in the cell's DNA. Higher levels
of ____ activators = systems need less training and briefer periods of rest between
training for efficiant long-term memory formation. Its role is in protein production.
Magnesium - ANSWER____: positively charged, so is attracted to the neuron but
can't quite fit through calcium channels.
Spatial - ANSWER____ memory: Studies looking at navigation show robust
hippocampal activiations (theta activity).
Hippocampus - ANSWERIt is possible that the ____ is involved in typing together all
different elements of memories ("binding").
Cortisol - ANSWERSress hormones, especially ____, are bad for the hippocampus
(causes neurons to shrink, interfere with LTP).
Alzheimer's disease - ANSWER____ ____: Definitive diagnosis of this is currently
not possible until after death. Associated with abnormal protein accumulation that
interferes with normal brain function and causes atrophy of brain tissue.
Korsakoff's disease - ANSWER____ ____: Most often caused by chronic alcoholism,
though other conditions (e.g. severe malnutrition) have been documented. Damage
caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1 which is necessary to metabolize
glucose).
Korsakoff's disease - ANSWER____ ____: characterized by severe anterograde and
retrograde amnesia. Implicit and procedural memory are less affected
(nondeclarative memories). Impaired memory for time (temporal order) and
confabulation (false memories), tendency to repeat themselves (which reinforces
confabulations), inability to inhibit responses previousle made (Wisconsin card
sorting task).
Split brain - ANSWER____ ____ research has shown us that speech is left
hemisphere function, but both hemispheres are capable of language. Left controls
right, right controls left; "right side can't talk, but will understand language".
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2026
Neurodevelopmental - ANSWERThe ____ hypothesis is a theory about the etiology
of schizophrenia that is an alternative to the genetic hypothesis. While it doesn't rule
out the role of genetics in the disorder, it also allows that other factors during fetal or
neonatal developent could cause subtle abnormalities in brain development that later
blossom into more severe symptoms as the brain continues to develop during
adolescence.
Short-term - ANSWER____-____ memory: Information stored for only about 30
seconds.
Long-term - ANSWER____-____ memory: Information lasting longer than 30
seconds, gets stored for later use. Memory is tested by accessing this type of
information.
Procedural - ANSWER____ memory: Knowing how to do something
Semantic - ANSWER____ memory: Not just language, but also what we know about
the world.
Episodic - ANSWER____ memory: feeling of knowing what has happened to us,
what we have experienced.
Declarative - ANSWER____ memory: Recollection of facts and events (verbally).
Nondeclarative - ANSWER____ memory: Memories that can not be described
verbally.
Occipital lobe - ANSWERThe ____ ____ is the most posterior, controls the visual
areas, and helps distinguish shapes and movement.
Temporal lobe - ANSWERThe ____ ____ is the inferior lateral portions of the cortex
that is the primary auditory cortes. Helps with higher order visual processing, deals
with language, and medual areas are important for emotion.
Parietal lobe - ANSWERThe ____ ____ helps move attention back and forth, spatial
processing, and sense of touch.
Frontal lobe - ANSWERThe ____ ____ is the most anterior/rostral lobe that contains
the motor cortex )primary motor area, supplementary motor area, helps with
preparation of movement), memory (working + retrieval effort, success, monitoring),
emotions, and control (prevents you from punching your boss).
, Glutamate - ANSWER____ has to bind to an NDMA receptor. Cell membrane must
also be depolarized; timing is key.
AMPA - ANSWER____: ionotropic glutamate receptor that lets in Na+ ions
(excitatory). If ____ receptors are stimulated by glutamate, they open and depolarize
the membrane.
NDMA - ANSWER____: ionotrophic glutamate receptor that lets in calcium ions but
ONLY if the cell membrane is already depolarized (if in resting state, channels are
plugged by magnesium). Magnesium dislodges from the ____ channels so that
calcium can enter.
CREB - ANSWER____: protein that activates genes in the cell's DNA. Higher levels
of ____ activators = systems need less training and briefer periods of rest between
training for efficiant long-term memory formation. Its role is in protein production.
Magnesium - ANSWER____: positively charged, so is attracted to the neuron but
can't quite fit through calcium channels.
Spatial - ANSWER____ memory: Studies looking at navigation show robust
hippocampal activiations (theta activity).
Hippocampus - ANSWERIt is possible that the ____ is involved in typing together all
different elements of memories ("binding").
Cortisol - ANSWERSress hormones, especially ____, are bad for the hippocampus
(causes neurons to shrink, interfere with LTP).
Alzheimer's disease - ANSWER____ ____: Definitive diagnosis of this is currently
not possible until after death. Associated with abnormal protein accumulation that
interferes with normal brain function and causes atrophy of brain tissue.
Korsakoff's disease - ANSWER____ ____: Most often caused by chronic alcoholism,
though other conditions (e.g. severe malnutrition) have been documented. Damage
caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1 which is necessary to metabolize
glucose).
Korsakoff's disease - ANSWER____ ____: characterized by severe anterograde and
retrograde amnesia. Implicit and procedural memory are less affected
(nondeclarative memories). Impaired memory for time (temporal order) and
confabulation (false memories), tendency to repeat themselves (which reinforces
confabulations), inability to inhibit responses previousle made (Wisconsin card
sorting task).
Split brain - ANSWER____ ____ research has shown us that speech is left
hemisphere function, but both hemispheres are capable of language. Left controls
right, right controls left; "right side can't talk, but will understand language".
