Criminological Research Methods 380 Mastery Questions
& correct answers 2026 2027
This high-yield study bank features 50 comprehensive multiple-choice questions
designed for students of Criminology and Social Sciences. The resource covers
essential qualitative methodologies, including Interpretivism, Grounded Theory (Open,
Axial, and Selective Coding), Ethnography, and Participant Observation. Each question
includes the correct answer in bold italics followed by a detailed clinical rationale to
help you master the "Verstehen" approach, ensure theoretical saturation, and navigate
ethical dilemmas in criminological fieldwork. Ideal for exam preparation at universities
such as UGent, KU Leuven, or for anyone mastering qualitative data analysis.
1. What is the primary goal of qualitative research in criminology?
o A. To measure the frequency of criminal acts using statistics.
o B. To understand the meanings and lived experiences of actors (Verstehen).
o Rationale: Qualitative research focuses on the "why" and "how" from the participant's
perspective rather than numerical generalization.
2. Which epistemological stance suggests that social reality is a construction of human
interpretations?
o A. Positivism.
o B. Constructivism / Interpretivism.
o Rationale: Constructivism posits that there is no single objective truth, but rather
multiple realities constructed by individuals.
3. What does an 'Emic' perspective represent in a study?
o A. The "insider" view of the culture or group being studied.
o Rationale: An emic approach seeks to understand a group's internal logic, whereas an
'etic' approach applies external theoretical frameworks.
4. What is 'Reflexivity' in qualitative research?
o A. The researcher’s critical reflection on their own role and bias.
o Rationale: Since the researcher is the "instrument" in qualitative work, they must
acknowledge how their presence shapes the data.
,5. Which methodology focuses on developing theory systematically from the gathered
data?
o A. Hypothetico-deductive method.
o B. Grounded Theory.
o Rationale: Grounded Theory is inductive; it builds a theoretical framework from the
bottom up based on data patterns.
Section 2: Data Collection (Interviews & Observation)
6. What defines a 'Semi-structured interview'?
o A. A rigid list of questions that must be followed exactly.
o B. A guide with set themes that allows for flexibility and probing.
o Rationale: This format provides the structure of a topic list but allows the researcher to
follow unique stories shared by the participant.
7. When is 'Theoretical Saturation' reached?
o A. When new data no longer provides new insights or themes.
o Rationale: Saturation indicates that the researcher has enough data to fully support their
theoretical categories.
8. What is the main risk of 'Participant Observation'?
o A. Staying too detached from the group.
o B. 'Going Native' (losing professional objectivity).
o Rationale: If a researcher identifies too strongly with the group, they lose the analytical
distance required for scientific work.
9. How does a 'Focus Group' differ from an individual interview?
o A. It relies on the interaction between group members to generate data.
o Rationale: The group dynamic provides insights into shared norms and social conflicts
that a one-on-one talk cannot.
10. What is 'Snowball Sampling'?
o A. A method where participants refer the researcher to other potential
participants.
o Rationale: This is highly effective for reaching "hidden" populations like drug dealers or
undocumented migrants.
Section 3: Analysis & Coding
11. What occurs during 'Open Coding'?
o A. Breaking down data into discrete parts and applying initial labels.
o Rationale: This is the first step in organizing raw data (like transcripts) into manageable
concepts.
12. What is 'Axial Coding'?
, o A. Identifying relationships and links between categories and subcategories.
o Rationale: This phase moves beyond labels to find the structure and connections within
the data.
13. What is the purpose of 'Triangulation'?
o A. Using multiple methods, sources, or researchers to verify findings.
o Rationale: Looking at a phenomenon from different angles increases the credibility and
validity of the results.
14. What is 'Memoing' in the context of analysis?
o A. Keeping track of theoretical ideas and thoughts during the coding process.
o Rationale: Memos help the researcher move from descriptive codes to abstract, high-
level theory.
15. What is the 'Constant Comparative Method'?
o A. Comparing new data continuously with existing codes to refine categories.
o Rationale: This is a core Grounded Theory process that ensures consistency and
theoretical depth.
Section 4: Quality & Ethics
16. What is the qualitative equivalent of 'Reliability'?
o A. Credibility.
o B. Dependability.
o Rationale: Dependability ensures the research process is transparent, traceable, and
documented via an "audit trail."
17. What does 'Informed Consent' entail?
o A. Ensuring participants voluntarily participate based on full information.
o Rationale: Ethics require that subjects know the study's risks and can withdraw at any
time.
18. Why is 'Anonymization' critical in criminological research?
o A. To protect participants from legal or physical harm due to sensitive
disclosures.
o Rationale: Criminological data often involves illegal acts; protecting the source is a
primary ethical duty.
19. What is 'Member Checking'?
o A. Returning transcripts or findings to participants for validation.
o Rationale: This increases validity by ensuring the researcher’s interpretation matches
the participant's intent.
20. What is 'Purposive Sampling'?
o A. Selecting specific cases that offer the richest information on the topic.
o Rationale: Qualitative research does not use random samples but targets information-
rich cases.
& correct answers 2026 2027
This high-yield study bank features 50 comprehensive multiple-choice questions
designed for students of Criminology and Social Sciences. The resource covers
essential qualitative methodologies, including Interpretivism, Grounded Theory (Open,
Axial, and Selective Coding), Ethnography, and Participant Observation. Each question
includes the correct answer in bold italics followed by a detailed clinical rationale to
help you master the "Verstehen" approach, ensure theoretical saturation, and navigate
ethical dilemmas in criminological fieldwork. Ideal for exam preparation at universities
such as UGent, KU Leuven, or for anyone mastering qualitative data analysis.
1. What is the primary goal of qualitative research in criminology?
o A. To measure the frequency of criminal acts using statistics.
o B. To understand the meanings and lived experiences of actors (Verstehen).
o Rationale: Qualitative research focuses on the "why" and "how" from the participant's
perspective rather than numerical generalization.
2. Which epistemological stance suggests that social reality is a construction of human
interpretations?
o A. Positivism.
o B. Constructivism / Interpretivism.
o Rationale: Constructivism posits that there is no single objective truth, but rather
multiple realities constructed by individuals.
3. What does an 'Emic' perspective represent in a study?
o A. The "insider" view of the culture or group being studied.
o Rationale: An emic approach seeks to understand a group's internal logic, whereas an
'etic' approach applies external theoretical frameworks.
4. What is 'Reflexivity' in qualitative research?
o A. The researcher’s critical reflection on their own role and bias.
o Rationale: Since the researcher is the "instrument" in qualitative work, they must
acknowledge how their presence shapes the data.
,5. Which methodology focuses on developing theory systematically from the gathered
data?
o A. Hypothetico-deductive method.
o B. Grounded Theory.
o Rationale: Grounded Theory is inductive; it builds a theoretical framework from the
bottom up based on data patterns.
Section 2: Data Collection (Interviews & Observation)
6. What defines a 'Semi-structured interview'?
o A. A rigid list of questions that must be followed exactly.
o B. A guide with set themes that allows for flexibility and probing.
o Rationale: This format provides the structure of a topic list but allows the researcher to
follow unique stories shared by the participant.
7. When is 'Theoretical Saturation' reached?
o A. When new data no longer provides new insights or themes.
o Rationale: Saturation indicates that the researcher has enough data to fully support their
theoretical categories.
8. What is the main risk of 'Participant Observation'?
o A. Staying too detached from the group.
o B. 'Going Native' (losing professional objectivity).
o Rationale: If a researcher identifies too strongly with the group, they lose the analytical
distance required for scientific work.
9. How does a 'Focus Group' differ from an individual interview?
o A. It relies on the interaction between group members to generate data.
o Rationale: The group dynamic provides insights into shared norms and social conflicts
that a one-on-one talk cannot.
10. What is 'Snowball Sampling'?
o A. A method where participants refer the researcher to other potential
participants.
o Rationale: This is highly effective for reaching "hidden" populations like drug dealers or
undocumented migrants.
Section 3: Analysis & Coding
11. What occurs during 'Open Coding'?
o A. Breaking down data into discrete parts and applying initial labels.
o Rationale: This is the first step in organizing raw data (like transcripts) into manageable
concepts.
12. What is 'Axial Coding'?
, o A. Identifying relationships and links between categories and subcategories.
o Rationale: This phase moves beyond labels to find the structure and connections within
the data.
13. What is the purpose of 'Triangulation'?
o A. Using multiple methods, sources, or researchers to verify findings.
o Rationale: Looking at a phenomenon from different angles increases the credibility and
validity of the results.
14. What is 'Memoing' in the context of analysis?
o A. Keeping track of theoretical ideas and thoughts during the coding process.
o Rationale: Memos help the researcher move from descriptive codes to abstract, high-
level theory.
15. What is the 'Constant Comparative Method'?
o A. Comparing new data continuously with existing codes to refine categories.
o Rationale: This is a core Grounded Theory process that ensures consistency and
theoretical depth.
Section 4: Quality & Ethics
16. What is the qualitative equivalent of 'Reliability'?
o A. Credibility.
o B. Dependability.
o Rationale: Dependability ensures the research process is transparent, traceable, and
documented via an "audit trail."
17. What does 'Informed Consent' entail?
o A. Ensuring participants voluntarily participate based on full information.
o Rationale: Ethics require that subjects know the study's risks and can withdraw at any
time.
18. Why is 'Anonymization' critical in criminological research?
o A. To protect participants from legal or physical harm due to sensitive
disclosures.
o Rationale: Criminological data often involves illegal acts; protecting the source is a
primary ethical duty.
19. What is 'Member Checking'?
o A. Returning transcripts or findings to participants for validation.
o Rationale: This increases validity by ensuring the researcher’s interpretation matches
the participant's intent.
20. What is 'Purposive Sampling'?
o A. Selecting specific cases that offer the richest information on the topic.
o Rationale: Qualitative research does not use random samples but targets information-
rich cases.
