Velez College
College of Arts and Sciences
Department of Biology
S.Y. 2025 - 2026
Written Report on Chlamydiae & Orthomyxoviruses
Group 6
Elnas, Erich Razel
Mahilum, Tsid Elizah
Malagum, Mhoore
Untalan, Denicel
Submitted to:
Ms. Catherine Malaca
Cell and Molecular Biology
April 23, 2026
, Abstract
This report examines the biological characteristics, pathogenicity, and clinical
management of two distinct groups of human pathogens: Chlamydiae and Orthomyxoviruses.
Chlamydiae are unique obligate intracellular bacteria distinguished by a specialized biphasic
developmental cycle alternating between the infectious, environmentally stable Elementary
Body (EB) and the metabolically active, replicating Reticulate Body (RB). As "energy
parasites," they lack the metabolic pathways to produce their own ATP and must rely on the
host cell's energy resources. The three primary species infecting humans, C. trachomatis, C.
pneumoniae, and C. psittaci, cause a variety of conditions ranging from preventable blindness
(trachoma) and urogenital infections to zoonotic respiratory diseases. Diagnosis primarily
utilizes nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), and treatment typically involves
macrolides or tetracyclines.
Orthomyxoviruses, primarily the Influenza viruses (Types A, B, and C), are enveloped
viruses characterized by a segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. This
segmentation allows for genetic reassortment, leading to antigenic shift and the potential for
global pandemics. Unlike most RNA viruses, they replicate within the host cell's nucleus.
Pathogenicity is driven by the destruction of respiratory epithelial cells and the host's
inflammatory response, which can lead to severe complications like "cytokine storms".
Management focuses on annual vaccination for prevention and the use of antiviral therapies,
such as neuraminidase inhibitors, for treatment. Together, these pathogens represent
significant challenges to global public health due to their stealthy infection strategies and
potential for rapid transmission.
, Table of Contents
Abstract 2
BACTERIOLOGY: Chlamydiae 4
Introduction 4
I. General Characteristics 5
II. Pathogenicity 6
III. Transmission and Epidemiology 7
IV. Laboratory Diagnosis 9
V. Treatment and Prevention 9
VIROLOGY: Orthomyxoviruses 12
Introduction 12
I. General Characteristics 13
II. Pathogenicity 14
III. Transmission and Epidemiology 15
IV. Laboratory Diagnosis 15
V. Treatment and Prevention 16
References 18
College of Arts and Sciences
Department of Biology
S.Y. 2025 - 2026
Written Report on Chlamydiae & Orthomyxoviruses
Group 6
Elnas, Erich Razel
Mahilum, Tsid Elizah
Malagum, Mhoore
Untalan, Denicel
Submitted to:
Ms. Catherine Malaca
Cell and Molecular Biology
April 23, 2026
, Abstract
This report examines the biological characteristics, pathogenicity, and clinical
management of two distinct groups of human pathogens: Chlamydiae and Orthomyxoviruses.
Chlamydiae are unique obligate intracellular bacteria distinguished by a specialized biphasic
developmental cycle alternating between the infectious, environmentally stable Elementary
Body (EB) and the metabolically active, replicating Reticulate Body (RB). As "energy
parasites," they lack the metabolic pathways to produce their own ATP and must rely on the
host cell's energy resources. The three primary species infecting humans, C. trachomatis, C.
pneumoniae, and C. psittaci, cause a variety of conditions ranging from preventable blindness
(trachoma) and urogenital infections to zoonotic respiratory diseases. Diagnosis primarily
utilizes nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), and treatment typically involves
macrolides or tetracyclines.
Orthomyxoviruses, primarily the Influenza viruses (Types A, B, and C), are enveloped
viruses characterized by a segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. This
segmentation allows for genetic reassortment, leading to antigenic shift and the potential for
global pandemics. Unlike most RNA viruses, they replicate within the host cell's nucleus.
Pathogenicity is driven by the destruction of respiratory epithelial cells and the host's
inflammatory response, which can lead to severe complications like "cytokine storms".
Management focuses on annual vaccination for prevention and the use of antiviral therapies,
such as neuraminidase inhibitors, for treatment. Together, these pathogens represent
significant challenges to global public health due to their stealthy infection strategies and
potential for rapid transmission.
, Table of Contents
Abstract 2
BACTERIOLOGY: Chlamydiae 4
Introduction 4
I. General Characteristics 5
II. Pathogenicity 6
III. Transmission and Epidemiology 7
IV. Laboratory Diagnosis 9
V. Treatment and Prevention 9
VIROLOGY: Orthomyxoviruses 12
Introduction 12
I. General Characteristics 13
II. Pathogenicity 14
III. Transmission and Epidemiology 15
IV. Laboratory Diagnosis 15
V. Treatment and Prevention 16
References 18
