, TESTBANK FOR Guide to Wireless Communications 5th Edition Olenewa
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,Olenewa – Guide to Wireless Communications, 5e | Question Bank Blackboard / Moodle Export
Guide to Wireless
Communications
5th Edition
Question Bank – All Chapters
Blackboard / Moodle Export
12 Chapters · 300 Questions · Multiple Choice
Contents
• Chapter 1: Introduction to Wireless Communications
• Chapter 2: Wireless Data Transmission
• Chapter 3: Radio Frequency Communications
• Chapter 4: How Antennas Work
• Chapter 5: Wireless Personal Area Networks
• Chapter 6: Introduction to Wi-Fi Wireless Local Area Networks
• Chapter 7: Enhancing WLAN Performance
• Chapter 8: Expanding Wireless Local Area Networks
• Chapter 9: Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
• Chapter 10: Wireless Wide Area Networks
• Chapter 11: Radio Frequency Identification and Near Field Communication
• Chapter 12: Wireless Communications Everywhere
Page 1 of 86
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Page 2 of 86
,Olenewa – Guide to Wireless Communications, 5e | Question Bank Blackboard / Moodle Export
Chapter 10: Wireless Wide Area Networks
Multiple Choice
Q1. What is a WWLAN?
✓ A. It uses cellular or satellite technologies to form networks in areas larger than a city up to
the entire world.
■ B. It uses technologies such as 802.11 to form networks spanning across a building.
■ C. It uses technologies such as Bluetooth to connect devices such as keyboards, mice, and
headphones to computers and mobile devices.
■ D. It uses WiMAX and microwave technologies to form networks across a city.
Rationale:
A wireless wide area network (WWAN) spans areas larger than a city and can even cover the entire world. WWANs
use a cellular phone network to span a country or a continent. Where cellular phone networks are not available,
satellite technology and equipment enable users to make telephone calls or access the Internet from remote areas.
Multiple Choice
Q2. Cellular base stations are connected to a(n) ____ which links the cellular phone network to the
wired phone network.
■ A. AMPS
✓ B. MTSO
■ C. POTS
■ D. PSTN
Rationale:
Cellular transceivers are connected to a base station, and each base station is connected to a mobile
telecommunications switching office (MTSO). The MTSO is the link between the cellular phone network and the
wired telephone world, commonly referred to as public switched telephone network (PSTN) or sometimes plain old
telephone system (POTS). Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) was the standard used by 1G (analog) cellular
networks.
Multiple Choice
Q3. Almost all cellular phones today require a hardware or software ___ card to be installed on the
phone before they can be used.
■ A. AMPS
■ B. GSM
✓ C. SIM
■ D. WWLAN
Rationale:
Almost all cellular phones today require a hardware or software SIM (subscriber identity module) card to be
installed on the phone before they can be used. Software SIM cards may be called soft SIM or SoftSIM. These do
not take any physical space inside a smartphone, but they do use software that takes up memory space. A physical
SIM card is a very small electronic card used to associate the phone with the user’s account and with the carrier.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) was the standard used by 1G (analog) cellular networks. Global System
for Mobile Communications (GSM), developed in the 1980s as the European standard for public mobile
communications, was one of the three access technologies used by 2G cellular networks. WWLAN is short for
Wireless Wide Area Network.
Multiple Choice
Q4. This 15-digit number acts as a cellular phone's serial number.
■ A. ESN
Page 3 of 86
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✓ B. IMEI
■ C. MIN
■ D. SID
Rationale:
The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a unique 15 decimal digit number that identifies mobile
phones as well as some satellite phones. It also acts as the serial number. The other three items are also identifiers
for cellular phones, but none of them are 15 digits long. The system identification code (SID) is five digits long, the
electronic serial number (ESN) is 32 bits long, and the mobile identification number (MIN) is 10 digits long.
Multiple Choice
Q5. 1G mobile networks used ____ transmission.
✓ A. analog
■ B. CDMA
■ C. GSM
■ D. TDMA
Rationale:
1G (first generation) cellular telephony used analog transmission and modulated voice using FM. CDMA, GSM, and
TDMA are all digital cellular technologies that were first introduced in 2G.
Multiple Choice
Q6. 4G introduced this technology to cellular networks.
■ A. EDGE
■ B. HSDPA
■ C. HSPA+
✓ D. LTE
Rationale:
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G cellular standard. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is a 2.5G
technology, and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G technology. HSPA+ (Evolved High-Speed
Packet Access) is the immediate successor to HSDPA but is also a 3G technology.
Multiple Choice
Q7. Which feature is NOT a part of 5G?
✓ A. Data rates up to 200 Gbps
■ B. Improved location accuracy (in combination with GPS)
■ C. Latency as low as 100 milliseconds
■ D. Lower power consumption
Rationale:
5G data rates can be as high as 20 Gbps (not 200 Gbps), but realistically it will be more like 500 Mbps.
Multiple Choice
Q8. 6G cellular technology is still in development, but one goal is to reduce latency to:
■ A. 100 milliseconds
■ B. 1 millisecond
■ C. 100 microseconds
✓ D. 1 microsecond
Rationale:
Sixth-generation (6G) cellular technology is still in the development and testing phase and is not expected to be
widely deployed until 2030. The goals of 6G are to reduce latency to 1 microsecond and speeds several times
higher than 5G by using frequencies as high as in the terahertz range.
Page 4 of 86
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Multiple Choice
Q9. A cellular provider receives complaints about service in a heavily used public space, and
determines that they don't have enough cells in that space. What can they do to improve service?
■ A. Allow adjacent cell towers to share the same frequency so they can share the workload.
✓ B. Install more cells closer together to support more users. Use lower power levels
throughout the area to keep the cells smaller.
■ C. Keep the same number of cells and increase cellular signal strength within that area.
■ D. Remove some of the cells to reduce interference and boost the signal strength of the remaining
cells to fill in the gaps.
Rationale:
Today’s digital transceivers and digital cellular phones operate at low power levels, which enables carriers to install
cells closer together, deploy more base stations, and support more users. Using low-power mobile devices enables
the signal from a cell transceiver or a single phone to stay confined to a smaller area and cause little or no
interference with nearby cells.
Multiple Choice
Q10. You're planning to travel to a location that isn't covered by your cellular provider, but you still
want to use your cell phone. What should you ask your cellular provider?
■ A. Is 5G available at this location?
■ B. Is AMPS available at this location?
■ C. Is handoff available at this location?
✓ D. Is roaming available at this location?
Rationale:
When a cellular phone user moves around within a particular cell, the transceivers at the base station for that cell
handle all the communications. As the user moves toward the next cell, the cell phone automatically communicates
and connects to the base station of the cell that is closer to it, without interrupting the call or data connection. The
process of the new cell taking over the user’s call is called a handoff. However, if a cellular phone user moves
beyond the coverage area of their home network, they are considered to be roaming. In this case, the carrier in the
current network communicates with the user’s home network to verify that they have a valid and paid account and
that they are allowed to make calls or transmit data.
Multiple Choice
Q11. Which challenge faces cellular carriers?
■ A. No challenges are expected for cellular carriers.
✓ B. RF spectrum is extremely expensive to lease.
■ C. The number of cellular users is expected to drop substantially.
■ D. The number of competing cellular standards are expected to go up, requiring carriers to either
support multiple technologies or pick the "right" technology to support.
Rationale:
The cost of leasing the necessary RF spectrum alone can be astronomical. In early 2021, Verizon paid over $45
billion for licenses to use the spectrum. The combined cost of leasing spectrum by the largest carriers in the United
States topped $81 billion. The number of cellular users is expected to continue to grow, and the industry has been
moving toward the use of a single cellular standard.
Multiple Choice
Q12. 5G uses this type of software-defined radio:
■ A. AMPS
✓ B. Cognitive
■ C. EDGE
■ D. SIM
Page 5 of 86
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Rationale:
Current RF systems are limited to certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and parts of it are only used
infrequently, so the designers of 5G work with the ITU and several other organizations, which in turn work with the
regulatory authorities of all countries, to develop radios that can take advantage of these additional seldom-used
parts of the spectrum by unlicensed users, when the licensed users are not using their allocated frequencies. One
way to accomplish this is to use a new breed of software-defined radios, called cognitive radios, that can monitor
and adapt to the RF environment and increase their transmission efficiency, flexibility, and interoperability with
other wireless communication systems like Wi-Fi. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was the standard used
by 1G cellular systems. EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) was one of the 2.5G network
technologies. SIM (subscriber identity module) refers to the small electronic cards used to associate a cellular
phone with the user’s account, rather than a type of radio.
Multiple Choice
Q13. 5G technology uses several approaches to make use of as much spectrum as possible in the
most efficient way. Choose the approach that is NOT being used by 5G:
■ A. 5G designers, the ITU and other related organizations, and national regulatory authorities are
working to develop radios that can use seldom-used parts of licensed spectrum.
✓ B. 5G uses analog signal technologies which uses less power and uses the frequency
spectrum more efficiently than digital signal technologies.
■ C. 5G technology employs a blend of GSM, HSPA1, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and multiple smarter antennas.
■ D. Cognitive radios can monitor and adapt to the RF environment.
Rationale:
Although 1G cellular networks used analog transmission, cellular networks have used digital technology since 2G.
Compared to analog transmissions, digital transmissions use the frequency spectrum more efficiently, so carriers
can support a larger number of users per cell. The other approaches are being used by 5G.
Multiple Choice
Q14. This 2G standard used a combination of FDMA and TMDA technologies:
■ A. AMPS
■ B. CDMA
✓ C. GSM
■ D. HSPA+
Rationale:
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), developed in the 1980s as the European standard for public
mobile communications, uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA technologies. AMPS was the 1G analog cellular
standard, CDMA was a different 2G standard, and W-CDMA was a 3G standard.
Multiple Choice
Q15. This cellular technology provided limited data services without the need for additional equipment
such as acoustic coupler modems:
■ A. 1G
✓ B. 2G
■ C. 3G
■ D. AMPS
Rationale:
1G (AMPS) could provide data transmission only with acoustic couple modems. 2G could provide only limited data
services because its circuit-switched connections prevented the use of always-on data connections. 2.5G and later
technologies provide packet-switched data which allows for always-on data connections.
Multiple Choice
Q16. What is the advantage of packet switching over circuit switching?
Page 6 of 86
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■ A. Packet-switched signals can be regenerated, making them less affected by interference.
■ B. Packet-switched signals use less power, allowing for smaller and less expensive devices.
✓ C. Packet switching allows always-on data connections without tying up an entire circuit.
■ D. There are no clear advantages or disadvantages between packet switching and circuit switching.
Rationale:
Packet switching allows always-on data connections, and it becomes practical to keep the data connection on.
Regeneration and lower power are advantages of digital signals over analog signals, rather than packet switching
over circuit switching.
Multiple Choice
Q17. Which satellite type is used in wireless communication?
■ A. Satellites that acquire scientific data and perform research in space.
■ B. Satellites that look at Earth from space.
✓ C. Satellites that reflect signals from one point on Earth to another.
■ D. Wireless communication uses all satellites regardless of type.
Rationale:
Satellite use falls into three broad categories. The first use is acquiring scientific data (e.g., measuring the radiation
from the sun) and performing research in space (e.g., gathering data using space telescopes). The second use is
looking at Earth from space. This includes weather and surface mapping satellites as well as military satellites. The
third category of satellites are those that are used as reflectors to relay signals from one point on Earth’s surface to
another. This includes communications satellites that reflect telephone and data transmissions, broadcast satellites
that reflect television signals, as well as navigation satellites, so wireless communication falls under this category.
Multiple Choice
Q18. This satellite band ranges from 17.3 GHz to 31 GHz:
■ A. C band
✓ B. Ka band
■ C. Ku band
■ D. L band
Rationale:
The Ka band is 17.3-31 GHz. The L band uses 1.53-2.7 GHz, the C band uses 3.6-7 GHz, and the Ku band uses
11.7-12.7 GHz for downlink and 14-17.8 GHz for uplink.
Multiple Choice
Q19. These satellites orbit Earth at altitudes of 200-900 miles (321-1448 km):
■ A. GEO
■ B. HEO
✓ C. LEO
■ D. MEO
Rationale:
Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites circle Earth at altitudes between 200 and 900 miles (321 and 1,448 kilometers
[km]). Because they orbit so close to Earth, LEO satellites must travel at high speeds so that Earth’s gravity does
not pull them back into the atmosphere. Satellites in LEO travel at approximately 17,000 miles (27,500 km) per
hour, circling Earth in about 90 minutes.
Multiple Choice
Q20. These satellites orbit Earth at altitudes of 1,500-10,000 miles (2,413-16,090 km), typically with a
24-hour period:
■ A. GEO
✓ B. HEO
Page 7 of 86
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■ C. LEO
■ D. MEO
Rationale:
Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites orbit Earth at altitudes between 1,500 and 10,000 miles (2,413 and 16,090 km).
Some MEO satellites orbit in near-perfect circles, have a constant altitude, and travel at a constant speed. Highly
elliptical orbit (HEO) satellites are a type of MEO satellite with elongated elliptical orbits. The average orbit
characteristics of a HEO satellite are about the same as other MEOs; however, HEO satellites have a high apogee
(maximum altitude) and a low perigee (minimum altitude). In addition, HEO orbits typically have a 24-hour period,
which means the satellites dwell for a long time over a fixed point on Earth’s surface.
Multiple Choice
Q21. These satellites remain virtually fixed over a given location on Earth’s surface and appears to
“hang” motionless in space at an altitude around 22,282 miles (35,860 km):
✓ A. GEO
■ B. HEO
■ C. LEO
■ D. MEO
Rationale:
Geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites are the very high orbit ones stationed or parked at an altitude of
around 22,282 miles (35,860 km) at a speed that matches the rotation of the planet. When a satellite reaches this
altitude at a given speed, it enters a kind of "sweet spot." This means that the satellite remains virtually fixed over a
given location on Earth’s surface and appears to "hang" motionless in space.
Multiple Choice
Q22. Starlink uses phased-array antennas to direct signals toward these satellite types:
■ A. GEO
■ B. HEO
✓ C. LEO
■ D. MEO
Rationale:
The most common LEO satellite that offers Internet access service is Starlink. Starlink is unique in that it does not
use parabolic dish antennas. Instead, it uses phased-array antennas that direct signals toward the satellite and
improves reception. These smart antennas track the nearest satellite and connect to a different one every few
minutes, since LEO satellites travel across the sky at very high speeds.
Multiple Choice
Q23. 24 of these satellites can cover the entire Earth:
■ A. GEO
■ B. HEO
■ C. LEO
✓ D. MEO
Rationale:
The footprint of a MEO satellite is large enough that 24 satellites are required to cover Earth.
Multiple Choice
Q24. These satellites can provide good coverage of the polar regions compared to other satellites at
similar altitudes:
■ A. GEO
✓ B. HEO
■ C. LEO
Page 8 of 86
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
✅ Why Buy From Us?
📚 Complete & organized chapter-by-chapter – no missing content, no guessing.
⚡ Instant digital delivery – get your file the moment you pay, no waiting.
📅 Always up to date – we track new editions so you always get the latest version.
💬 Friendly support – real humans ready to help, anytime you need us.
🔒 Safe & secure – thousands of satisfied students trust us every semester.
🛡️Our Guarantees
💰 Money-Back Guarantee: Not satisfied? We offer a full refund – no questions asked.
🔄 Wrong File? No Problem: Contact us and we will replace it immediately with the
correct version, free of charge.
⏰ 24/7 Support: We are always here – reach out anytime and expect a fast response.
Contact Email:
,Olenewa – Guide to Wireless Communications, 5e | Question Bank Blackboard / Moodle Export
Guide to Wireless
Communications
5th Edition
Question Bank – All Chapters
Blackboard / Moodle Export
12 Chapters · 300 Questions · Multiple Choice
Contents
• Chapter 1: Introduction to Wireless Communications
• Chapter 2: Wireless Data Transmission
• Chapter 3: Radio Frequency Communications
• Chapter 4: How Antennas Work
• Chapter 5: Wireless Personal Area Networks
• Chapter 6: Introduction to Wi-Fi Wireless Local Area Networks
• Chapter 7: Enhancing WLAN Performance
• Chapter 8: Expanding Wireless Local Area Networks
• Chapter 9: Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
• Chapter 10: Wireless Wide Area Networks
• Chapter 11: Radio Frequency Identification and Near Field Communication
• Chapter 12: Wireless Communications Everywhere
Page 1 of 86
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Page 2 of 86
,Olenewa – Guide to Wireless Communications, 5e | Question Bank Blackboard / Moodle Export
Chapter 10: Wireless Wide Area Networks
Multiple Choice
Q1. What is a WWLAN?
✓ A. It uses cellular or satellite technologies to form networks in areas larger than a city up to
the entire world.
■ B. It uses technologies such as 802.11 to form networks spanning across a building.
■ C. It uses technologies such as Bluetooth to connect devices such as keyboards, mice, and
headphones to computers and mobile devices.
■ D. It uses WiMAX and microwave technologies to form networks across a city.
Rationale:
A wireless wide area network (WWAN) spans areas larger than a city and can even cover the entire world. WWANs
use a cellular phone network to span a country or a continent. Where cellular phone networks are not available,
satellite technology and equipment enable users to make telephone calls or access the Internet from remote areas.
Multiple Choice
Q2. Cellular base stations are connected to a(n) ____ which links the cellular phone network to the
wired phone network.
■ A. AMPS
✓ B. MTSO
■ C. POTS
■ D. PSTN
Rationale:
Cellular transceivers are connected to a base station, and each base station is connected to a mobile
telecommunications switching office (MTSO). The MTSO is the link between the cellular phone network and the
wired telephone world, commonly referred to as public switched telephone network (PSTN) or sometimes plain old
telephone system (POTS). Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) was the standard used by 1G (analog) cellular
networks.
Multiple Choice
Q3. Almost all cellular phones today require a hardware or software ___ card to be installed on the
phone before they can be used.
■ A. AMPS
■ B. GSM
✓ C. SIM
■ D. WWLAN
Rationale:
Almost all cellular phones today require a hardware or software SIM (subscriber identity module) card to be
installed on the phone before they can be used. Software SIM cards may be called soft SIM or SoftSIM. These do
not take any physical space inside a smartphone, but they do use software that takes up memory space. A physical
SIM card is a very small electronic card used to associate the phone with the user’s account and with the carrier.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) was the standard used by 1G (analog) cellular networks. Global System
for Mobile Communications (GSM), developed in the 1980s as the European standard for public mobile
communications, was one of the three access technologies used by 2G cellular networks. WWLAN is short for
Wireless Wide Area Network.
Multiple Choice
Q4. This 15-digit number acts as a cellular phone's serial number.
■ A. ESN
Page 3 of 86
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✓ B. IMEI
■ C. MIN
■ D. SID
Rationale:
The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a unique 15 decimal digit number that identifies mobile
phones as well as some satellite phones. It also acts as the serial number. The other three items are also identifiers
for cellular phones, but none of them are 15 digits long. The system identification code (SID) is five digits long, the
electronic serial number (ESN) is 32 bits long, and the mobile identification number (MIN) is 10 digits long.
Multiple Choice
Q5. 1G mobile networks used ____ transmission.
✓ A. analog
■ B. CDMA
■ C. GSM
■ D. TDMA
Rationale:
1G (first generation) cellular telephony used analog transmission and modulated voice using FM. CDMA, GSM, and
TDMA are all digital cellular technologies that were first introduced in 2G.
Multiple Choice
Q6. 4G introduced this technology to cellular networks.
■ A. EDGE
■ B. HSDPA
■ C. HSPA+
✓ D. LTE
Rationale:
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G cellular standard. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is a 2.5G
technology, and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G technology. HSPA+ (Evolved High-Speed
Packet Access) is the immediate successor to HSDPA but is also a 3G technology.
Multiple Choice
Q7. Which feature is NOT a part of 5G?
✓ A. Data rates up to 200 Gbps
■ B. Improved location accuracy (in combination with GPS)
■ C. Latency as low as 100 milliseconds
■ D. Lower power consumption
Rationale:
5G data rates can be as high as 20 Gbps (not 200 Gbps), but realistically it will be more like 500 Mbps.
Multiple Choice
Q8. 6G cellular technology is still in development, but one goal is to reduce latency to:
■ A. 100 milliseconds
■ B. 1 millisecond
■ C. 100 microseconds
✓ D. 1 microsecond
Rationale:
Sixth-generation (6G) cellular technology is still in the development and testing phase and is not expected to be
widely deployed until 2030. The goals of 6G are to reduce latency to 1 microsecond and speeds several times
higher than 5G by using frequencies as high as in the terahertz range.
Page 4 of 86
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Multiple Choice
Q9. A cellular provider receives complaints about service in a heavily used public space, and
determines that they don't have enough cells in that space. What can they do to improve service?
■ A. Allow adjacent cell towers to share the same frequency so they can share the workload.
✓ B. Install more cells closer together to support more users. Use lower power levels
throughout the area to keep the cells smaller.
■ C. Keep the same number of cells and increase cellular signal strength within that area.
■ D. Remove some of the cells to reduce interference and boost the signal strength of the remaining
cells to fill in the gaps.
Rationale:
Today’s digital transceivers and digital cellular phones operate at low power levels, which enables carriers to install
cells closer together, deploy more base stations, and support more users. Using low-power mobile devices enables
the signal from a cell transceiver or a single phone to stay confined to a smaller area and cause little or no
interference with nearby cells.
Multiple Choice
Q10. You're planning to travel to a location that isn't covered by your cellular provider, but you still
want to use your cell phone. What should you ask your cellular provider?
■ A. Is 5G available at this location?
■ B. Is AMPS available at this location?
■ C. Is handoff available at this location?
✓ D. Is roaming available at this location?
Rationale:
When a cellular phone user moves around within a particular cell, the transceivers at the base station for that cell
handle all the communications. As the user moves toward the next cell, the cell phone automatically communicates
and connects to the base station of the cell that is closer to it, without interrupting the call or data connection. The
process of the new cell taking over the user’s call is called a handoff. However, if a cellular phone user moves
beyond the coverage area of their home network, they are considered to be roaming. In this case, the carrier in the
current network communicates with the user’s home network to verify that they have a valid and paid account and
that they are allowed to make calls or transmit data.
Multiple Choice
Q11. Which challenge faces cellular carriers?
■ A. No challenges are expected for cellular carriers.
✓ B. RF spectrum is extremely expensive to lease.
■ C. The number of cellular users is expected to drop substantially.
■ D. The number of competing cellular standards are expected to go up, requiring carriers to either
support multiple technologies or pick the "right" technology to support.
Rationale:
The cost of leasing the necessary RF spectrum alone can be astronomical. In early 2021, Verizon paid over $45
billion for licenses to use the spectrum. The combined cost of leasing spectrum by the largest carriers in the United
States topped $81 billion. The number of cellular users is expected to continue to grow, and the industry has been
moving toward the use of a single cellular standard.
Multiple Choice
Q12. 5G uses this type of software-defined radio:
■ A. AMPS
✓ B. Cognitive
■ C. EDGE
■ D. SIM
Page 5 of 86
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Rationale:
Current RF systems are limited to certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and parts of it are only used
infrequently, so the designers of 5G work with the ITU and several other organizations, which in turn work with the
regulatory authorities of all countries, to develop radios that can take advantage of these additional seldom-used
parts of the spectrum by unlicensed users, when the licensed users are not using their allocated frequencies. One
way to accomplish this is to use a new breed of software-defined radios, called cognitive radios, that can monitor
and adapt to the RF environment and increase their transmission efficiency, flexibility, and interoperability with
other wireless communication systems like Wi-Fi. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was the standard used
by 1G cellular systems. EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) was one of the 2.5G network
technologies. SIM (subscriber identity module) refers to the small electronic cards used to associate a cellular
phone with the user’s account, rather than a type of radio.
Multiple Choice
Q13. 5G technology uses several approaches to make use of as much spectrum as possible in the
most efficient way. Choose the approach that is NOT being used by 5G:
■ A. 5G designers, the ITU and other related organizations, and national regulatory authorities are
working to develop radios that can use seldom-used parts of licensed spectrum.
✓ B. 5G uses analog signal technologies which uses less power and uses the frequency
spectrum more efficiently than digital signal technologies.
■ C. 5G technology employs a blend of GSM, HSPA1, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and multiple smarter antennas.
■ D. Cognitive radios can monitor and adapt to the RF environment.
Rationale:
Although 1G cellular networks used analog transmission, cellular networks have used digital technology since 2G.
Compared to analog transmissions, digital transmissions use the frequency spectrum more efficiently, so carriers
can support a larger number of users per cell. The other approaches are being used by 5G.
Multiple Choice
Q14. This 2G standard used a combination of FDMA and TMDA technologies:
■ A. AMPS
■ B. CDMA
✓ C. GSM
■ D. HSPA+
Rationale:
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), developed in the 1980s as the European standard for public
mobile communications, uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA technologies. AMPS was the 1G analog cellular
standard, CDMA was a different 2G standard, and W-CDMA was a 3G standard.
Multiple Choice
Q15. This cellular technology provided limited data services without the need for additional equipment
such as acoustic coupler modems:
■ A. 1G
✓ B. 2G
■ C. 3G
■ D. AMPS
Rationale:
1G (AMPS) could provide data transmission only with acoustic couple modems. 2G could provide only limited data
services because its circuit-switched connections prevented the use of always-on data connections. 2.5G and later
technologies provide packet-switched data which allows for always-on data connections.
Multiple Choice
Q16. What is the advantage of packet switching over circuit switching?
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■ A. Packet-switched signals can be regenerated, making them less affected by interference.
■ B. Packet-switched signals use less power, allowing for smaller and less expensive devices.
✓ C. Packet switching allows always-on data connections without tying up an entire circuit.
■ D. There are no clear advantages or disadvantages between packet switching and circuit switching.
Rationale:
Packet switching allows always-on data connections, and it becomes practical to keep the data connection on.
Regeneration and lower power are advantages of digital signals over analog signals, rather than packet switching
over circuit switching.
Multiple Choice
Q17. Which satellite type is used in wireless communication?
■ A. Satellites that acquire scientific data and perform research in space.
■ B. Satellites that look at Earth from space.
✓ C. Satellites that reflect signals from one point on Earth to another.
■ D. Wireless communication uses all satellites regardless of type.
Rationale:
Satellite use falls into three broad categories. The first use is acquiring scientific data (e.g., measuring the radiation
from the sun) and performing research in space (e.g., gathering data using space telescopes). The second use is
looking at Earth from space. This includes weather and surface mapping satellites as well as military satellites. The
third category of satellites are those that are used as reflectors to relay signals from one point on Earth’s surface to
another. This includes communications satellites that reflect telephone and data transmissions, broadcast satellites
that reflect television signals, as well as navigation satellites, so wireless communication falls under this category.
Multiple Choice
Q18. This satellite band ranges from 17.3 GHz to 31 GHz:
■ A. C band
✓ B. Ka band
■ C. Ku band
■ D. L band
Rationale:
The Ka band is 17.3-31 GHz. The L band uses 1.53-2.7 GHz, the C band uses 3.6-7 GHz, and the Ku band uses
11.7-12.7 GHz for downlink and 14-17.8 GHz for uplink.
Multiple Choice
Q19. These satellites orbit Earth at altitudes of 200-900 miles (321-1448 km):
■ A. GEO
■ B. HEO
✓ C. LEO
■ D. MEO
Rationale:
Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites circle Earth at altitudes between 200 and 900 miles (321 and 1,448 kilometers
[km]). Because they orbit so close to Earth, LEO satellites must travel at high speeds so that Earth’s gravity does
not pull them back into the atmosphere. Satellites in LEO travel at approximately 17,000 miles (27,500 km) per
hour, circling Earth in about 90 minutes.
Multiple Choice
Q20. These satellites orbit Earth at altitudes of 1,500-10,000 miles (2,413-16,090 km), typically with a
24-hour period:
■ A. GEO
✓ B. HEO
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■ C. LEO
■ D. MEO
Rationale:
Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites orbit Earth at altitudes between 1,500 and 10,000 miles (2,413 and 16,090 km).
Some MEO satellites orbit in near-perfect circles, have a constant altitude, and travel at a constant speed. Highly
elliptical orbit (HEO) satellites are a type of MEO satellite with elongated elliptical orbits. The average orbit
characteristics of a HEO satellite are about the same as other MEOs; however, HEO satellites have a high apogee
(maximum altitude) and a low perigee (minimum altitude). In addition, HEO orbits typically have a 24-hour period,
which means the satellites dwell for a long time over a fixed point on Earth’s surface.
Multiple Choice
Q21. These satellites remain virtually fixed over a given location on Earth’s surface and appears to
“hang” motionless in space at an altitude around 22,282 miles (35,860 km):
✓ A. GEO
■ B. HEO
■ C. LEO
■ D. MEO
Rationale:
Geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites are the very high orbit ones stationed or parked at an altitude of
around 22,282 miles (35,860 km) at a speed that matches the rotation of the planet. When a satellite reaches this
altitude at a given speed, it enters a kind of "sweet spot." This means that the satellite remains virtually fixed over a
given location on Earth’s surface and appears to "hang" motionless in space.
Multiple Choice
Q22. Starlink uses phased-array antennas to direct signals toward these satellite types:
■ A. GEO
■ B. HEO
✓ C. LEO
■ D. MEO
Rationale:
The most common LEO satellite that offers Internet access service is Starlink. Starlink is unique in that it does not
use parabolic dish antennas. Instead, it uses phased-array antennas that direct signals toward the satellite and
improves reception. These smart antennas track the nearest satellite and connect to a different one every few
minutes, since LEO satellites travel across the sky at very high speeds.
Multiple Choice
Q23. 24 of these satellites can cover the entire Earth:
■ A. GEO
■ B. HEO
■ C. LEO
✓ D. MEO
Rationale:
The footprint of a MEO satellite is large enough that 24 satellites are required to cover Earth.
Multiple Choice
Q24. These satellites can provide good coverage of the polar regions compared to other satellites at
similar altitudes:
■ A. GEO
✓ B. HEO
■ C. LEO
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