CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES
TECHNIQUES AND CORRELATIONS CONCEPT
REVIEW GUIDE 2026 ENZYMES ELECTROLYTES
AND METABOLIC MARKERS
◉ What are the three layers formed when whole blood is
centrifuged?
Answer: Plasma (top layer), Buffy Coat (middle layer), and Red
Blood Cells (bottom layer).
◉ What is the function of anticoagulant tubes?
Answer: They contain additives that prevent blood from clotting,
allowing the fluid portion to be called plasma.
◉ What is serum?
Answer: The liquid portion obtained after blood clots and is
centrifuged, lacking clotting proteins.
◉ What are common uses for urine in clinical testing?
Answer: Evaluating kidney function, drug screening, and assessing
metabolic waste.
, ◉ What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis?
Answer: To evaluate neurological conditions and aid in the diagnosis
of meningitis, multiple sclerosis, and stroke.
◉ What are serous fluids and their significance?
Answer: Fluids like pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal tested to
determine fluid origin and differentiate between transudate and
exudate.
◉ What are endogenous markers in clinical chemistry?
Answer: Biochemical markers that include carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins & amino acids, nucleic acids, and inorganic substances.
◉ What are exogenous markers?
Answer: Biochemical markers that include therapeutic drugs and
poisons.
◉ What are the types of carbohydrates?
Answer: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), disaccharides (e.g.,
sucrose), and polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen).
◉ What is glucose's role in clinical chemistry?
Answer: It is the primary marker for evaluating carbohydrate
metabolism.
TECHNIQUES AND CORRELATIONS CONCEPT
REVIEW GUIDE 2026 ENZYMES ELECTROLYTES
AND METABOLIC MARKERS
◉ What are the three layers formed when whole blood is
centrifuged?
Answer: Plasma (top layer), Buffy Coat (middle layer), and Red
Blood Cells (bottom layer).
◉ What is the function of anticoagulant tubes?
Answer: They contain additives that prevent blood from clotting,
allowing the fluid portion to be called plasma.
◉ What is serum?
Answer: The liquid portion obtained after blood clots and is
centrifuged, lacking clotting proteins.
◉ What are common uses for urine in clinical testing?
Answer: Evaluating kidney function, drug screening, and assessing
metabolic waste.
, ◉ What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis?
Answer: To evaluate neurological conditions and aid in the diagnosis
of meningitis, multiple sclerosis, and stroke.
◉ What are serous fluids and their significance?
Answer: Fluids like pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal tested to
determine fluid origin and differentiate between transudate and
exudate.
◉ What are endogenous markers in clinical chemistry?
Answer: Biochemical markers that include carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins & amino acids, nucleic acids, and inorganic substances.
◉ What are exogenous markers?
Answer: Biochemical markers that include therapeutic drugs and
poisons.
◉ What are the types of carbohydrates?
Answer: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), disaccharides (e.g.,
sucrose), and polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen).
◉ What is glucose's role in clinical chemistry?
Answer: It is the primary marker for evaluating carbohydrate
metabolism.
