NR 503 Population Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles Midterm Exam Study Guide – Chamberlain Questions with Verified Answers, 100% Guarantee Pass

NR 503 Population Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles

Midterm Exam Study Guide – Chamberlain
Questions with Verified Answers, 100% Guarantee Pass



1. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a
screening test? Where would and NP look to find a screening test? What de-
termines if a screening test should be used?
Answer> Determining whether a screening
test is appropriate requires the APRN to address several aspects of the disease
of interest. The target population needs to be identifiable. There should be enough
people to make the study cost effective. The preclinical period should be proficient
to allow treatment before symptoms appear so that early diagnosis and treatment
make a difference in terms of outcomes. The NP could look at the U.S. Preventative
Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and SAMH-
SA-HRSA to find a screening test. Sensitivity and specificity measure the validity
of a test. Sensitivity is the number identified/ the number affected. Specificity is the
number identified in the screening of not having the disease/ the actual number who
do not have the disease.


2. Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the
purpose? How is it used?


Answer> It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with
the data. He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the
variables available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with missing
information for each important variable), and its eccentricities (for example, all cases
range in age from 2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health prob-

, lem being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups
of people have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population
that can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that
have high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the
causes of the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.


3. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work
together to aid evidence-based care?
Answer> - helps look at the cause
of the issue or disease process. focuses on the person, place,
and time. An example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick
from E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine what
made them sick. For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a
local restaurant.


4. What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, sec-
ondary and tertiary interventions?
Answer> is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the
outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could be the use
of flu vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary
intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary
intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that the
influenza virus causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.



,5. Are youabletodiscuss"surveillance"anditsrelationshipto"causation"?-
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Answer> is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health da
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ta essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice
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closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to kn
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ow.Passive surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while activ
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e involves using individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases.
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Using surveillance can help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific
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4 population.


6. What is the case- X4 X4 X4




control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the cohort study d
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esign?
Answer> The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a particular factor and
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a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and measures and compares t
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he incidence of disease in the two groups.A higher incidence of disease in the expose
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d group suggests an association between that factor and the disease outcome.This st
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udy design is generally a good choice when dealing with an outbreak in a relatively sm
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all, well- X4




defined source population, particularly if the disease being studied was fairly frequent
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.


Thecase- X
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controldesignusesadifferentsamplingstrategyinwhichtheinvestigators identify a gro
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up of individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and
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a comparison of individuals who did not have
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the disease of interest.The cases and co X4 X4 X4 X4 X4 X4 X4 X4 X4 X4 X
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ntrols are then compared with respect to the frequency of one or more past exposures.
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If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a particular factorcompare
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d to the control subjects, it suggests an association.This strategyis a betterchoicewhent
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hesourcepopulationislargeandill-
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defined,anditisparticularly useful when the disease outcome was uncommon.Examp
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les of two real outbreaks will be used to illustrate these differences in sampling strateg
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y.