CHSO 404 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Karolysis - Answers - DNA is degraded
Pyknosis - Answers - Nucleus shrinks in size
Karyorrhexis - Answers - fragmentation of nucleus
Differentiation - Answers - process in which cells become specialized in structure and
function
Less differentiated - Answers - seen in cancer cells, tumors
Proliferation - Answers - an increase in number, multiplication
cancer cells - Answers - increase in proliferation, decrease in differentiation
atrophy - Answers - shrinkage of tissue or organ size due to reduction in cell size
hypertrophy - Answers - increase in cell size in response to stress
-cardiac myocytes cannot divide, so adapt by getting bigger i.e. left ventricular
hypertrophy
hyperplasia - Answers - increase in the cell number and is distinct from hypertrophy
-epithelial cells may undergo hyperplasia under streess
-uterine lining has hyperplasia before bleeding - thickened wall
metaplasia - Answers - -Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
-ex - chronic irritation or inflammation
dysplasia - Answers - -disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a
tissue
-vary in size, shape and organization
-precursor to cancer if not removed
accumulations during cell stress - Answers - -lipids - heart and liver
-glycogen - particularly in liver and skeletal muscles
-melanin - formed by melanocytes in skin
-hemosiderin - formed from hemoglobin
-bilirubin - normally in liver
-lipofuscin- fine granular golden brown pigment formed from phospholipids and proteins
derived from degenerating membranes
-wear and tear pigment
-heart, liver, nerve
,-minerals - calcium = calcification
-hyaline change - non specific indicator; formed from protein, light pink on slide
ROS clean up system - Answers - ROS --> hydrogen peroxide --> water and oxygen
2 enzymes - superoxide dismutase. catalase
excess ROS causes ___ - Answers - -cellular damage
-leaking membranes
-calcium influx
-cell death
ischemic cell injury and death - Answers - - decrease in o2 leads to anaerobic
metabolism - which decreases pH bc causes increase in lactic acid - low pF is
denaturing
coagulative necrosis - Answers - -basic cell outline is preserved
-acidosis denatures proteins
-protein denaturation causes coagulation
liquefactive necrosis - Answers - -results from autolysis of heterolysis
-involves digestion of cell remains
-abscess or pus formed
caseous necrosis - Answers - -combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
-seen in TB
-necrotic debris is not digested completely by hydrolyses, so tissues appear soft and
granular
fat necrosis - Answers - -refers to focal areas of fat destruction
-destruction of lipids is associated with abnormal release of pancreatic enzymes (lipase)
-saponification - formation of soap from lipids mixing with minerals (calcium,
magnesium)
dry gangrene - Answers - coagulative necrosis as a result of ischemia
wet gangrene - Answers - occurs when tissue is infected with bacteria and phagocytic
cells are recruited
-enzymes released that lead to a liquefactive process
gas gangrene - Answers - occurs when the infection is caused by Clostridium app
(perfringens) - anaerobic bacteria that produces toxins that damage the connective
tissue and cause gas
, necrosis - Answers - -initiated by pathologic stimuli from outside the cell and results in
the removal of that cell
-involves activation of enzymes that digest cellular components - AUTODIGESTION
-this process may stimulate an inflammatory response
-there are nuclear changes - KARYOLYSIS, PYKNOSIS, KARYORRHEXIS
-most necrosis is either coagulative or liquefactive
apoptosis - Answers - -involves activation of a coordinated internal cellular program
(sequence of events) that are mediated by defined cellular proteins
-specific, energy dependent,
-programmed cell death that helps maintain homeostasis
-characterized by fragmentation of DNA, formation of distinct structures called apoptotic
bodies
-dead cells removed by phagocytosis - no inflammatory response
Virchow's triad - Answers - 1. change in vessel wall
2. decreased blood flow, stasis
3. increased coag of blood
benign neoplasm - Answers - -well differentiated
-localized
-demarcated
malignant neoplasm - Answers - -less well-differentiated
-grow rapidly
-invade neighboring tissues and have the capacity
cell cycle/division - Answers - series of events that cells go through as they grow and
divide
-cancer cells are autonomous or independent of normal growth controls
-
3 causes of cellular abnormalities - Answers - -telomerase
-change in p53
-change in pRB
pRB - Answers - -governs cell cycle rate
-loss of pRB = unregulated cell growth
p53 - Answers - -slows cell cycle to allow for repair of DNA mutations before cell
division
-mutations with p53 = a lot of diff cancers
-activates DNA repair genes
-stops cell cycle to allow DNA repair genes to fix mutation
-initiates apoptosis if DNA damage cannot be reversed
Karolysis - Answers - DNA is degraded
Pyknosis - Answers - Nucleus shrinks in size
Karyorrhexis - Answers - fragmentation of nucleus
Differentiation - Answers - process in which cells become specialized in structure and
function
Less differentiated - Answers - seen in cancer cells, tumors
Proliferation - Answers - an increase in number, multiplication
cancer cells - Answers - increase in proliferation, decrease in differentiation
atrophy - Answers - shrinkage of tissue or organ size due to reduction in cell size
hypertrophy - Answers - increase in cell size in response to stress
-cardiac myocytes cannot divide, so adapt by getting bigger i.e. left ventricular
hypertrophy
hyperplasia - Answers - increase in the cell number and is distinct from hypertrophy
-epithelial cells may undergo hyperplasia under streess
-uterine lining has hyperplasia before bleeding - thickened wall
metaplasia - Answers - -Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
-ex - chronic irritation or inflammation
dysplasia - Answers - -disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a
tissue
-vary in size, shape and organization
-precursor to cancer if not removed
accumulations during cell stress - Answers - -lipids - heart and liver
-glycogen - particularly in liver and skeletal muscles
-melanin - formed by melanocytes in skin
-hemosiderin - formed from hemoglobin
-bilirubin - normally in liver
-lipofuscin- fine granular golden brown pigment formed from phospholipids and proteins
derived from degenerating membranes
-wear and tear pigment
-heart, liver, nerve
,-minerals - calcium = calcification
-hyaline change - non specific indicator; formed from protein, light pink on slide
ROS clean up system - Answers - ROS --> hydrogen peroxide --> water and oxygen
2 enzymes - superoxide dismutase. catalase
excess ROS causes ___ - Answers - -cellular damage
-leaking membranes
-calcium influx
-cell death
ischemic cell injury and death - Answers - - decrease in o2 leads to anaerobic
metabolism - which decreases pH bc causes increase in lactic acid - low pF is
denaturing
coagulative necrosis - Answers - -basic cell outline is preserved
-acidosis denatures proteins
-protein denaturation causes coagulation
liquefactive necrosis - Answers - -results from autolysis of heterolysis
-involves digestion of cell remains
-abscess or pus formed
caseous necrosis - Answers - -combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
-seen in TB
-necrotic debris is not digested completely by hydrolyses, so tissues appear soft and
granular
fat necrosis - Answers - -refers to focal areas of fat destruction
-destruction of lipids is associated with abnormal release of pancreatic enzymes (lipase)
-saponification - formation of soap from lipids mixing with minerals (calcium,
magnesium)
dry gangrene - Answers - coagulative necrosis as a result of ischemia
wet gangrene - Answers - occurs when tissue is infected with bacteria and phagocytic
cells are recruited
-enzymes released that lead to a liquefactive process
gas gangrene - Answers - occurs when the infection is caused by Clostridium app
(perfringens) - anaerobic bacteria that produces toxins that damage the connective
tissue and cause gas
, necrosis - Answers - -initiated by pathologic stimuli from outside the cell and results in
the removal of that cell
-involves activation of enzymes that digest cellular components - AUTODIGESTION
-this process may stimulate an inflammatory response
-there are nuclear changes - KARYOLYSIS, PYKNOSIS, KARYORRHEXIS
-most necrosis is either coagulative or liquefactive
apoptosis - Answers - -involves activation of a coordinated internal cellular program
(sequence of events) that are mediated by defined cellular proteins
-specific, energy dependent,
-programmed cell death that helps maintain homeostasis
-characterized by fragmentation of DNA, formation of distinct structures called apoptotic
bodies
-dead cells removed by phagocytosis - no inflammatory response
Virchow's triad - Answers - 1. change in vessel wall
2. decreased blood flow, stasis
3. increased coag of blood
benign neoplasm - Answers - -well differentiated
-localized
-demarcated
malignant neoplasm - Answers - -less well-differentiated
-grow rapidly
-invade neighboring tissues and have the capacity
cell cycle/division - Answers - series of events that cells go through as they grow and
divide
-cancer cells are autonomous or independent of normal growth controls
-
3 causes of cellular abnormalities - Answers - -telomerase
-change in p53
-change in pRB
pRB - Answers - -governs cell cycle rate
-loss of pRB = unregulated cell growth
p53 - Answers - -slows cell cycle to allow for repair of DNA mutations before cell
division
-mutations with p53 = a lot of diff cancers
-activates DNA repair genes
-stops cell cycle to allow DNA repair genes to fix mutation
-initiates apoptosis if DNA damage cannot be reversed
