BIO 242 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|2026 UPDATE| 100% CORRECT

BIO 242 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|2026 UPDATE| 100% CORRECT immune system first line of defense - ANSWER️nonspecific, external barriers -physical: skin, mucous membranes, mechanical removal -chemical: lysozyme, sebum, acidic environment -microbiota infectious respiratory disease examples - ANSWER️tuberculosis, influenza, whooping cough, covid19, rhinovirus, hantavirus tuberculosis - ANSWER️BACTERIA causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis symptoms: persistent cough, coughing up blood, chest pain, fever, loss of appetite, fatigue -extrapulmonary tb can infect lymph nodes, kidneys, bones, and brain prevention: proper ventilation, isolating infected patients, wearing masks, early diagnosis, BCG vaccines in countries with high rates treatment: antibiotics RIPE (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) primary TB (often asymptomatic or mild symptoms, early detection is important, usually latent) -- secondary TB (reactivation after TB has been present in the body, more extensive tissue damage) -- extrapulmonary TB (most severe, infection spreads to other organs) influenza - ANSWER️VIRUS causative agent: influenza virus; different strands (A- most common, B- milder epidemics, C- mild, non epidemic causing, D- animals, not humans) symptoms: fever, chills, dry cough, sore throat, runny nose, body aches, headache, fatigue prevention: flu vaccine, handwashing, disinfect surfaces, stay away from sick people treatment: mainly supportive care for symptoms, some cases antiviral medicine is given (Theraflu) antigenic drift - ANSWER️A process by which point mutations in influenza virus genes cause differences in the structure of viral surface antigens. This causes year-to-year antigenic differences in strains of influenza virus. Causes the seasonal flu antigenic shift - ANSWER️major change in influenza virus antigen due to gene reassortment; can cause pandemics hemagglutinin (HA) - ANSWER️one of the surface proteins present on the outer envelope of influenza viruses attaches to host cells, allows fusion of viral membrane to the host cell parts, antigenic target Neuraminidase (NA) - ANSWER️spikes used to release influenza virus from cell and spread viral particles whooping cough - ANSWER️BACTERIA causative agent: Bordetella pertussis symptoms: catarrhal stage (runny nose, mild cough, sneezing, low fever, resembles a cold & is most contagious) --paroxysmal stage (severe coughing, whoop sound after the coughs, exhaustion & vomiting from coughing, most severe) -- convalescent stage (gradual recovery, coughs persist for weeks) prevention: vaccines (DTaP for young children, Tdap for older kids/adults), hygiene, isolating infected individuals treatment: antibiotics (azithromycin), supportive care Covid-19 - ANSWER️VIRUS causative agent: SARS-CoV-2 symptoms: fever, cough, fatigue, body aches, flu-like, chest pain, loss of smell/taste prevention: vaccines, masks, handwashing, quarantine when infected treatment: rest, hydration, fever reducers...antiviral medications, hospitalization, ventilators in severe cases common cold - ANSWER️VIRUS causative agent: rhinovirus symptoms: runny nose, sore throat, cough, headache, fatigue prevention: handwashing, don't touch the face, avoid close contact with others, disinfect surfaces, cover mouth when coughing/sneezing treatment: no cure, only symptomatic relief infectious disease examples in the nervous system - ANSWER️meningitis, tetanus, botulism, rabies, prions, Lyme disease meningitis - ANSWER️BACTERIA causative agents: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli symptoms: severe headache, sudden high fever, sensitivity to light, nausea, stiff neck, confusion, cold hands/feet prevention: vaccines (Hib, PCV, meningococcal), prophylactic antibiotics to those in close contact with infected individual treatment: hospitalization, IV antibiotics (ceftriaxone, vancomycin), supportive care (IV, oxygen)