Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 – Rasmussen College –
Latest 2026/2027 – Practice
Previously called insulin-dependent and juvenile-onset. Develops when the body's
immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells. Must have insulin. Usually strikes
children and young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age. Exact cause
unknown, but most likely a viral or environmental trigger in genetically susceptible
people that causes an autoimmune reaction. Cannot be prevented - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-
Type I Diabetes
Previously called non-insulin-dependent and adult-onset. In adults, accounts for about
90-95% of all newly diagnosed cases. Usually begins as insulin resistance. The pancreas
gradually loses its ability to produce insulin. - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Type 2 Diabetes
Risk factors: advancing age, obesity, family history of DM, history of gestational
diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, African Americans,
Hispanics, Native Americans, Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders.
Usually managed initially with oral antidiabetic medications that increase insulin
production and action. As the condition progresses, supplemental insulin is often
necessary as pancreatic production declines. - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Type 2 Diabetes
pH imbalance characterized by increased ketones in the urine caused by insufficient
insulin; if cells are starved for energy, the body may begin to break down fat-producing
toxic acids (ketones). - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A defect in the diaphragm allowing part of the stomach to pass through into the thorax.
Associated with conditions that increase intrabdominal pressure such as ascites,
,pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - Heartburn, chest pain, and dysphagia - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hiatal
Hernia
Inflammation of the liver. - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatitis
spread by fecal oral route; most adults develop jaundice
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: malaise, anorexia, nausea, low grade fever, and right upper
quadrant pain - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatitis A
Spread by parental contact with infected body fluids
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - can have no symptoms to moderate illness to fulminant
hepatitis; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatitis B
spread through blood and blood product; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer -
✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatitis C
Most common form of liver cancer; usually occurs in patients with underlying
chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - Weight loss, upper abdominal pain, jaundice, anorexia
TREATMENT- surgery, transplant, freezing or heating the cancer cells, and
chemotherapy - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Cancer of the stomach
,RISK FACTORS? - Smoking, diets low in fruits and vegetables, and twice the risk if H.
Pylori
is found in stomach
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - no early signs or symptoms;
Later symptoms: anorexia, weight loss, and GI bleeding; hidden blood in stool (occult)
and anemia - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Gastric Carcinoma
Congenital disorder of large intestine- inadequate innervation of colon; with
absent autonomic nerve ganglia in smooth muscle or very reduced if present
CAUSES? - Genetic mutation; Cause unknown
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - no bowel movement within 48 hours in a newborn, swollen belly,
gas,
failure to thrive, fatigue, vomiting, chronic constipation, or diarrhea in children - ✔✔✔
ANSWER-Hirschsprung Disease
Reflux of urine from the bladder to ureter and renal pelvis; urine is allowed to
flow backwards into the ureters and possibly into the kidneys
CAUSES? - Shortened ureteral tunnel through the bladder wall resulting in lateral
displacement
of valvular mechanism making it incompetent
TREATMENT? - About 80% of cases resolve spontaneously as a child grows;
conservative
treatment is management of cystitis with antibiotics, sometimes continuously - ✔✔✔
ANSWER-Vesicoureteral Reflux
, Absence or suppression of menstruation in females age 16 or older; if female
misses or more periods in a row
PRIMARY - failure to begin menses by age 16
SECONDARY - cessation of established, regular menstruation for 6 months or longer
CAUSES - Usually due to abnormal pattern of hormonal functioning which causes
interruption
of normal sequence of events of endometrial tissue lining the uterus proliferating and
sloughing - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Amenorrhea
"Hidden testis"; is when the testicle or testes are not in the scrotum and are
considered to be in an extrascrotal position
CAUSE? - Unknown
CAN CAUSE IF LEFT UNTREATED? - Infertility, Increased risk of testicular malignancy,
tubes can become fibrotic, deficiency of spermatogenesis
TREATMENT- surgery to bring testes into normal scrotal position; also known as an
orchiopexy - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Cryptorchidism
Enlarged kidney - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hydronephrosis
WHAT IS IT? - Progressive process, results from chronic kidney disease, is the
irrevocable loss
of functional nephrons
SIGNS/SYMPTONS - Headaches, edema, decreased ability to concentrate urine,
polyuria turns
Latest 2026/2027 – Practice
Previously called insulin-dependent and juvenile-onset. Develops when the body's
immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells. Must have insulin. Usually strikes
children and young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age. Exact cause
unknown, but most likely a viral or environmental trigger in genetically susceptible
people that causes an autoimmune reaction. Cannot be prevented - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-
Type I Diabetes
Previously called non-insulin-dependent and adult-onset. In adults, accounts for about
90-95% of all newly diagnosed cases. Usually begins as insulin resistance. The pancreas
gradually loses its ability to produce insulin. - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Type 2 Diabetes
Risk factors: advancing age, obesity, family history of DM, history of gestational
diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, African Americans,
Hispanics, Native Americans, Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders.
Usually managed initially with oral antidiabetic medications that increase insulin
production and action. As the condition progresses, supplemental insulin is often
necessary as pancreatic production declines. - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Type 2 Diabetes
pH imbalance characterized by increased ketones in the urine caused by insufficient
insulin; if cells are starved for energy, the body may begin to break down fat-producing
toxic acids (ketones). - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A defect in the diaphragm allowing part of the stomach to pass through into the thorax.
Associated with conditions that increase intrabdominal pressure such as ascites,
,pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - Heartburn, chest pain, and dysphagia - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hiatal
Hernia
Inflammation of the liver. - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatitis
spread by fecal oral route; most adults develop jaundice
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: malaise, anorexia, nausea, low grade fever, and right upper
quadrant pain - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatitis A
Spread by parental contact with infected body fluids
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - can have no symptoms to moderate illness to fulminant
hepatitis; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatitis B
spread through blood and blood product; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer -
✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatitis C
Most common form of liver cancer; usually occurs in patients with underlying
chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - Weight loss, upper abdominal pain, jaundice, anorexia
TREATMENT- surgery, transplant, freezing or heating the cancer cells, and
chemotherapy - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Cancer of the stomach
,RISK FACTORS? - Smoking, diets low in fruits and vegetables, and twice the risk if H.
Pylori
is found in stomach
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - no early signs or symptoms;
Later symptoms: anorexia, weight loss, and GI bleeding; hidden blood in stool (occult)
and anemia - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Gastric Carcinoma
Congenital disorder of large intestine- inadequate innervation of colon; with
absent autonomic nerve ganglia in smooth muscle or very reduced if present
CAUSES? - Genetic mutation; Cause unknown
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - no bowel movement within 48 hours in a newborn, swollen belly,
gas,
failure to thrive, fatigue, vomiting, chronic constipation, or diarrhea in children - ✔✔✔
ANSWER-Hirschsprung Disease
Reflux of urine from the bladder to ureter and renal pelvis; urine is allowed to
flow backwards into the ureters and possibly into the kidneys
CAUSES? - Shortened ureteral tunnel through the bladder wall resulting in lateral
displacement
of valvular mechanism making it incompetent
TREATMENT? - About 80% of cases resolve spontaneously as a child grows;
conservative
treatment is management of cystitis with antibiotics, sometimes continuously - ✔✔✔
ANSWER-Vesicoureteral Reflux
, Absence or suppression of menstruation in females age 16 or older; if female
misses or more periods in a row
PRIMARY - failure to begin menses by age 16
SECONDARY - cessation of established, regular menstruation for 6 months or longer
CAUSES - Usually due to abnormal pattern of hormonal functioning which causes
interruption
of normal sequence of events of endometrial tissue lining the uterus proliferating and
sloughing - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Amenorrhea
"Hidden testis"; is when the testicle or testes are not in the scrotum and are
considered to be in an extrascrotal position
CAUSE? - Unknown
CAN CAUSE IF LEFT UNTREATED? - Infertility, Increased risk of testicular malignancy,
tubes can become fibrotic, deficiency of spermatogenesis
TREATMENT- surgery to bring testes into normal scrotal position; also known as an
orchiopexy - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Cryptorchidism
Enlarged kidney - ✔✔✔ ANSWER-Hydronephrosis
WHAT IS IT? - Progressive process, results from chronic kidney disease, is the
irrevocable loss
of functional nephrons
SIGNS/SYMPTONS - Headaches, edema, decreased ability to concentrate urine,
polyuria turns
