CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CANADA COLIN H
CONCEPT REVIEW GUIDE 2026 CRIME POLICY
JUSTICE AND SOCIAL CONTROL
◉ Mens Rea.
Answer: The mental state a person must have been in while
committing a crime for it to be intentional (guilty mind)
◉ Statue.
Answer: Laws passed by NYS Legislator and signed by Governor
◉ Three branches of government.
Answer: 1) Executive (police)
2) Legislative (makes laws)
3) Judicial (courts)
◉ Two types of defenses.
Answer: 1) Self-defense
2) Affirmative defense
◉ Judge and their function.
,Answer: 1) Rules on admissibility of evidence
2) Instruct jury on the law
3) Sentence (criminal)
4) Decision (civil)
◉ Two types of court actions.
Answer: Criminal and Civil
◉ Grand Jury.
Answer: Max 23 people
12 must vote for indictment
◉ Quorum.
Answer: Minimum of required person to make vote/ action/
decisions
◉ Can only be looked at by a Grand Jury and then indicted.
Answer: Felony
◉ Indictment.
Answer: Piece of paper, "we the grand jury says James Smith is guilty
of..."
, ◉ Beyond Reasonable Doubt.
Answer: Highest level of proof of evidence
◉ Probable Cause.
Answer: More than suspicion, but less than actual knowledge.
◉ Preponderance of Evidence.
Answer: More than likely that person should be held responsible
◉ Nolo Contedere.
Answer: Latin term meaning a plea of no contest
◉ OSHA.
Answer: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
◉ Use of Force Continuum.
Answer: 1. Officer Presence
2. Verbalization
3. Empty- Hand Control
4. Less- Lethal
5. Letha
CONCEPT REVIEW GUIDE 2026 CRIME POLICY
JUSTICE AND SOCIAL CONTROL
◉ Mens Rea.
Answer: The mental state a person must have been in while
committing a crime for it to be intentional (guilty mind)
◉ Statue.
Answer: Laws passed by NYS Legislator and signed by Governor
◉ Three branches of government.
Answer: 1) Executive (police)
2) Legislative (makes laws)
3) Judicial (courts)
◉ Two types of defenses.
Answer: 1) Self-defense
2) Affirmative defense
◉ Judge and their function.
,Answer: 1) Rules on admissibility of evidence
2) Instruct jury on the law
3) Sentence (criminal)
4) Decision (civil)
◉ Two types of court actions.
Answer: Criminal and Civil
◉ Grand Jury.
Answer: Max 23 people
12 must vote for indictment
◉ Quorum.
Answer: Minimum of required person to make vote/ action/
decisions
◉ Can only be looked at by a Grand Jury and then indicted.
Answer: Felony
◉ Indictment.
Answer: Piece of paper, "we the grand jury says James Smith is guilty
of..."
, ◉ Beyond Reasonable Doubt.
Answer: Highest level of proof of evidence
◉ Probable Cause.
Answer: More than suspicion, but less than actual knowledge.
◉ Preponderance of Evidence.
Answer: More than likely that person should be held responsible
◉ Nolo Contedere.
Answer: Latin term meaning a plea of no contest
◉ OSHA.
Answer: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
◉ Use of Force Continuum.
Answer: 1. Officer Presence
2. Verbalization
3. Empty- Hand Control
4. Less- Lethal
5. Letha
