Page 1 of 23
MEDSURG EXAM 2 JERSEY COLLEGE QUESTIONS FOR
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AS AT 1-MAY-2026 EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS AND RATIONALES LATEST
VERSION SOLVED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS VERIFIED 100
%
What structures are included in the renal and urinary systems?
The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
To regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood pressure.
What is the anatomical location of the kidneys?
Retroperitoneally on the posterior abdominal wall, from T12 to L3.
What is the hilum of the kidney?
The outer convex surface where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter penetrate.
Why is the right kidney lower than the left?
Due to the location of the liver.
What protects the kidneys?
Ribs, muscles, fat deposits, and renal fascia.
What are the two main parts of the renal parenchyma?
Cortex (outermost) and medulla (inner).
What is the function of nephrons?
Responsible for urine formation.
How many nephrons does each kidney have?
Approximately 1 million.
What are the two types of nephrons?
Cortical nephrons (80-85%) and juxtamedullary nephrons (15-20%).
What is the glomerulus?
A capillary network for filtration, located between afferent and efferent arterioles.
, Page 2 of 23
What is the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
It is the site of renin production, essential for blood pressure control.
What are the three narrow points of the ureters prone to obstruction?
Ureteropelvic junction, segment near sacroiliac junction, and ureterovesical junction.
What is the capacity of the bladder?
400-500 mL.
What prevents vesicoureteral reflux in the bladder?
The ureterovesical junction.
What are the layers of the bladder wall?
Adventitia, detrusor, submucosa, and mucosal lining.
What is the process of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
How much filtrate is produced daily by the kidneys?
Approximately 180 L/day.
What is glycosuria?
The presence of glucose in urine, occurring when glucose exceeds the kidney's
reabsorption capacity.
What is proteinuria?
The presence of protein in urine, which is not usually present.
What is the blood flow through the kidneys per minute?
1000-1300 mL/min.
What percentage of blood flow is filtered by the kidneys?
20%, resulting in about 180 L of filtrate per day.
What substances are typically filtered by the kidneys?
Water, electrolytes, and small molecules like glucose and urea.
What is tubular reabsorption?
The process of moving substances from filtrate back into the blood.
What is tubular secretion?
The process of moving substances from blood into the filtrate.
What is the final concentration of urine influenced by?
Hormonal regulation in the distal tubule and collecting ducts.
What is another name for Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
Vasopressin
What triggers the secretion of ADH?
, Page 3 of 23
Increased blood osmolality
What is the primary function of ADH in the kidneys?
Increases water reabsorption to normalize osmolality
What happens to ADH secretion with excess water intake?
ADH secretion is suppressed, leading to diuresis
What is osmolarity?
The ratio of solute to water
What physiological changes occur with a 1%-2% change in serum osmolarity?
Triggers thirst and promotes kidney water conservation
What is the normal range for serum osmolality?
Approximately 280-300 mOsm/kg
How does high fluid intake affect urine volume?
Results in large volume, dilute urine
What is the daily fluid intake from liquids and food?
~1300 mL from liquids and ~1000 mL from food
What is the role of aldosterone in electrolyte excretion?
Reduces sodium excretion by increasing renal reabsorption
What activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
When renal arteriole pressure drops due to shock, dehydration, or decreased sodium
delivery
What is the normal serum pH range for optimal kidney function?
7.35-7.45
What is the function of erythropoietin released by the kidneys?
Stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells
How do kidneys contribute to acid-base balance?
By reabsorbing bicarbonate, excreting or reabsorbing acid, and synthesizing
ammonia
What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
~125 mL/min
What is the primary waste product eliminated by the kidneys?
Urea
What happens to urine production at night due to vasopressin?
Urine production decreases and becomes more concentrated
What is the typical frequency of micturition during the day?
MEDSURG EXAM 2 JERSEY COLLEGE QUESTIONS FOR
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AS AT 1-MAY-2026 EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS AND RATIONALES LATEST
VERSION SOLVED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS VERIFIED 100
%
What structures are included in the renal and urinary systems?
The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
To regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood pressure.
What is the anatomical location of the kidneys?
Retroperitoneally on the posterior abdominal wall, from T12 to L3.
What is the hilum of the kidney?
The outer convex surface where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter penetrate.
Why is the right kidney lower than the left?
Due to the location of the liver.
What protects the kidneys?
Ribs, muscles, fat deposits, and renal fascia.
What are the two main parts of the renal parenchyma?
Cortex (outermost) and medulla (inner).
What is the function of nephrons?
Responsible for urine formation.
How many nephrons does each kidney have?
Approximately 1 million.
What are the two types of nephrons?
Cortical nephrons (80-85%) and juxtamedullary nephrons (15-20%).
What is the glomerulus?
A capillary network for filtration, located between afferent and efferent arterioles.
, Page 2 of 23
What is the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
It is the site of renin production, essential for blood pressure control.
What are the three narrow points of the ureters prone to obstruction?
Ureteropelvic junction, segment near sacroiliac junction, and ureterovesical junction.
What is the capacity of the bladder?
400-500 mL.
What prevents vesicoureteral reflux in the bladder?
The ureterovesical junction.
What are the layers of the bladder wall?
Adventitia, detrusor, submucosa, and mucosal lining.
What is the process of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
How much filtrate is produced daily by the kidneys?
Approximately 180 L/day.
What is glycosuria?
The presence of glucose in urine, occurring when glucose exceeds the kidney's
reabsorption capacity.
What is proteinuria?
The presence of protein in urine, which is not usually present.
What is the blood flow through the kidneys per minute?
1000-1300 mL/min.
What percentage of blood flow is filtered by the kidneys?
20%, resulting in about 180 L of filtrate per day.
What substances are typically filtered by the kidneys?
Water, electrolytes, and small molecules like glucose and urea.
What is tubular reabsorption?
The process of moving substances from filtrate back into the blood.
What is tubular secretion?
The process of moving substances from blood into the filtrate.
What is the final concentration of urine influenced by?
Hormonal regulation in the distal tubule and collecting ducts.
What is another name for Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
Vasopressin
What triggers the secretion of ADH?
, Page 3 of 23
Increased blood osmolality
What is the primary function of ADH in the kidneys?
Increases water reabsorption to normalize osmolality
What happens to ADH secretion with excess water intake?
ADH secretion is suppressed, leading to diuresis
What is osmolarity?
The ratio of solute to water
What physiological changes occur with a 1%-2% change in serum osmolarity?
Triggers thirst and promotes kidney water conservation
What is the normal range for serum osmolality?
Approximately 280-300 mOsm/kg
How does high fluid intake affect urine volume?
Results in large volume, dilute urine
What is the daily fluid intake from liquids and food?
~1300 mL from liquids and ~1000 mL from food
What is the role of aldosterone in electrolyte excretion?
Reduces sodium excretion by increasing renal reabsorption
What activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
When renal arteriole pressure drops due to shock, dehydration, or decreased sodium
delivery
What is the normal serum pH range for optimal kidney function?
7.35-7.45
What is the function of erythropoietin released by the kidneys?
Stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells
How do kidneys contribute to acid-base balance?
By reabsorbing bicarbonate, excreting or reabsorbing acid, and synthesizing
ammonia
What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
~125 mL/min
What is the primary waste product eliminated by the kidneys?
Urea
What happens to urine production at night due to vasopressin?
Urine production decreases and becomes more concentrated
What is the typical frequency of micturition during the day?
