BNAL 206 - EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
What is statistics? - Answers - Collecting data, presenting data, and organizing data
Collecting data - Answers - Surveys and polls
Presenting data - Answers - Charts and Tables
Characterizing data - Answers - Average and upper/lower
Statistics Methods - Answers - Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Involves - Answers - collecting, presenting, and characterizing
data
Descriptive Statistics Purpose - Answers - Describe data
Inferential Statistics Involves - Answers - estimation and hypothesis testing
Inferential Statistics Purpose - Answers - make decisions about population
characteristics
population (universe) - Answers - all items of interest that you want to make a decision
about.
Sample - Answers - a portion of the population
Parameter - Answers - summary measure of population data
Statistic - Answers - summary measure of sample
Why collect data - Answers - Obtain input to a research study, measure performance, to
formulate decision alternatives, and satisfy curiosity.
Types of samples - Answers - non-probability and probability
non-probability sample - Answers - do not have the same characteristics as probability.
Done for time and convenience
Types of non-probability sample - Answers - Judgement, Quota, Chunk
, probability sample - Answers - selection based on chance. Subjects are chosen on
some known probabilities
Types of Probability Samples - Answers - simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster
Judgment sample - Answers - use experience to select sample (expert) ex. test markets
Quota sample - Answers - sample based on population quotas, no random samples
Chunk sample - Answers - (convenience) Use elements most available
Sample random sample - Answers - randomness, each population element has equal
selection chance, selecting 1 doesnt effect others, may use random number table,
lottery, fish bowl.
Systematic sample - Answers - Every kth member (for example: every 10th person) is
selected from a list of all population members, skip interval k equals population size
divided by sample size, bias occurs due to periodicity. Used in telephone surveys.
systematic sample formula - Answers - K= population size / sample size, randomly
select # and skip count by K
stratified sample - Answers - divide population to subgroups, mutually exclusive, must
have a common characteristic, exhaustive, select simple random samples.
cluster sample - Answers - divide population in clusters, must have the characteristics,
randomly select clusters, survey or random sample clusters. Ex: managers in 4 different
cereal companies
How to organize numerical data - Answers - Ordered array, stem and leaf display,
frequency distribution- histogram
ordered array - Answers - organizes data to focus on major features, data in rank,
smallest to largest
stem and leaf display - Answers - divides observations in stem values and leaf values,
frequency distribution table - Answers - Class and frequency, easy to read but loss of
data
Histogram - Answers - Must use frequency distribution table. X= boundaries, Y=
frequencies, bar goes from one boundary to other boundary
Numerical data properties - Answers - central tendency, variation, and shape
Central tendency measurements - Answers - mean, median, mode, and quartile
ANSWERS
What is statistics? - Answers - Collecting data, presenting data, and organizing data
Collecting data - Answers - Surveys and polls
Presenting data - Answers - Charts and Tables
Characterizing data - Answers - Average and upper/lower
Statistics Methods - Answers - Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Involves - Answers - collecting, presenting, and characterizing
data
Descriptive Statistics Purpose - Answers - Describe data
Inferential Statistics Involves - Answers - estimation and hypothesis testing
Inferential Statistics Purpose - Answers - make decisions about population
characteristics
population (universe) - Answers - all items of interest that you want to make a decision
about.
Sample - Answers - a portion of the population
Parameter - Answers - summary measure of population data
Statistic - Answers - summary measure of sample
Why collect data - Answers - Obtain input to a research study, measure performance, to
formulate decision alternatives, and satisfy curiosity.
Types of samples - Answers - non-probability and probability
non-probability sample - Answers - do not have the same characteristics as probability.
Done for time and convenience
Types of non-probability sample - Answers - Judgement, Quota, Chunk
, probability sample - Answers - selection based on chance. Subjects are chosen on
some known probabilities
Types of Probability Samples - Answers - simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster
Judgment sample - Answers - use experience to select sample (expert) ex. test markets
Quota sample - Answers - sample based on population quotas, no random samples
Chunk sample - Answers - (convenience) Use elements most available
Sample random sample - Answers - randomness, each population element has equal
selection chance, selecting 1 doesnt effect others, may use random number table,
lottery, fish bowl.
Systematic sample - Answers - Every kth member (for example: every 10th person) is
selected from a list of all population members, skip interval k equals population size
divided by sample size, bias occurs due to periodicity. Used in telephone surveys.
systematic sample formula - Answers - K= population size / sample size, randomly
select # and skip count by K
stratified sample - Answers - divide population to subgroups, mutually exclusive, must
have a common characteristic, exhaustive, select simple random samples.
cluster sample - Answers - divide population in clusters, must have the characteristics,
randomly select clusters, survey or random sample clusters. Ex: managers in 4 different
cereal companies
How to organize numerical data - Answers - Ordered array, stem and leaf display,
frequency distribution- histogram
ordered array - Answers - organizes data to focus on major features, data in rank,
smallest to largest
stem and leaf display - Answers - divides observations in stem values and leaf values,
frequency distribution table - Answers - Class and frequency, easy to read but loss of
data
Histogram - Answers - Must use frequency distribution table. X= boundaries, Y=
frequencies, bar goes from one boundary to other boundary
Numerical data properties - Answers - central tendency, variation, and shape
Central tendency measurements - Answers - mean, median, mode, and quartile
