NSG-430 Exam 3: (Latest 2026/2027 Update) Orthopedic Trauma,
Neurological Disorders, Autoimmune Diseases, Shock, Burns, Spinal Cord
Injury | Q&A | Grade A | 100% Correct (Verified Answers) – Nursing Program
Subject: Fractures & Orthopedic Trauma, Traction & Immobilization, Compartment Syndrome, VTE/Fat Embolism, SLE,
Fibromyalgia, Muscular Dystrophy, Low Back Pain, Intervertebral Disc Disease, Trauma & Burns, Head Injury & ICP,
Spinal Cord Injury, Neurogenic Shock, Autonomic Dysreflexia
Source: NSG-430 Exam 3 Comprehensive Bank – Latest 2026/2027 Curriculum
Format: Q&A Guide with Clinical Rationale
Total Questions: 500+ (All processed – no omissions, no truncation)
1: What is a fracture?
Correct Answer: A disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of bone. Although traumatic
injuries account for the majority of fractures, some fractures are secondary to a disease process (such
as pathologic fractures from cancer or osteoporosis).
1. Fractures are classified as open (compound) or closed (simple).
2. Pathologic fractures occur through weakened bone with minimal trauma.
2: What is delayed union in fracture healing?
Correct Answer: Fracture healing progresses more slowly than expected. Healing eventually occurs.
1. Risk factors: poor nutrition, infection, smoking, inadequate immobilization.
2. May require bone stimulation or additional immobilization.
3: What is nonunion of a fracture?
Correct Answer: Fracture fails to heal despite treatment. No x-ray evidence of callus formation.
1. May require surgical intervention with bone grafting.
2. Risk factors include infection, avascular necrosis, and inadequate fixation.
4: What is malunion of a fracture?
Correct Answer: Fracture heals in expected time but in unsatisfactory position, possibly resulting in
deformity or dysfunction.
1. May cause altered biomechanics and joint arthritis.
2. Surgical osteotomy may be required to correct.
5: What is angulation in fracture healing?
Correct Answer: Fracture heals in abnormal position in relation to midline of structure (type of
malunion).
1. Most common in long bones.
2. May affect weight-bearing alignment.
6: What is pseudoarthrosis?
Correct Answer: Type of nonunion occurring at fracture site in which a false joint is formed with
abnormal movement at site.
1. Results from persistent motion at fracture site.
2. Requires surgical stabilization and bone grafting.
, 7: What is refracture?
Correct Answer: New fracture occurs at original fracture site.
1. Risk increases with premature weight-bearing.
2. May occur after hardware removal.
8: What is myositis ossificans?
Correct Answer: Deposition of calcium in muscle tissue at site of significant blunt muscle trauma or
repeated muscle injury.
1. Most common in quadriceps and brachialis muscles.
2. Presents with pain, swelling, and limited ROM.
9: What are the clinical manifestations of a fracture?
Correct Answer: The clinical manifestations of fracture include immediate localized pain, decreased
function, and inability to bear weight on or use the affected part. The patient guards and protects the
extremity against movement. Obvious bone deformity may not be present.
1. If a fracture is suspected, immobilize the extremity in the position found.
2. Unnecessary movement may convert closed to open fracture.
10: What are the overall goals of fracture treatment?
Correct Answer: (1) Anatomic realignment of bone fragments through reduction, (2) Immobilization
to maintain realignment, and (3) Restoration of normal or near-normal function of the injured part.
1. Reduction can be closed (nonsurgical) or open (surgical).
2. Immobilization methods include casting, traction, external fixation, or internal fixation.
11: What is closed fracture reduction?
Correct Answer: Closed reduction is a nonsurgical, manual realignment of bone fragments to their
previous anatomic position. Traction and countertraction are manually applied to the bone fragments
to restore position, length, and alignment. Closed reduction is usually performed while the patient is
under local or general anesthesia (conscious sedation).
1. Post-reduction immobilization with traction, casting, external fixation, splints, or braces.
2. X-ray confirmation of alignment is obtained.
12: What is open fracture reduction?
Correct Answer: Open reduction is the correction of bone alignment through a surgical incision. It
usually includes internal fixation of the fracture with the use of wires, screws, pins, plates,
intramedullary rods, or nails. The main risks are infection, complications associated with anesthesia,
and the effect of preexisting medical conditions (e.g., diabetes).
1. Early ROM of joint prevents adhesions.
2. Open reduction facilitates early ambulation, decreasing complications of prolonged immobility.
13: What drug therapy is used for pain associated with muscle spasms in fractures?
Correct Answer: Central and peripheral muscle relaxants, such as carisoprodol (Soma),
cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), or methocarbamol (Robaxin), may be prescribed.
1. These drugs cause drowsiness; teach patients not to drive.
2. Amputees always receive tetanus shots.
14: What are the uses of traction?
Correct Answer: (1) Prevent or reduce pain and muscle spasm (e.g., whiplash, unrepaired hip
fracture), (2) Immobilize a joint or part of the body, (3) Reduce a fracture or dislocation, (4) Treat a
pathologic joint condition (e.g., tumor, infection).
1. Traction devices apply pulling force while countertraction pulls in opposite direction.
2. Two most common types are skin traction and skeletal traction.
Neurological Disorders, Autoimmune Diseases, Shock, Burns, Spinal Cord
Injury | Q&A | Grade A | 100% Correct (Verified Answers) – Nursing Program
Subject: Fractures & Orthopedic Trauma, Traction & Immobilization, Compartment Syndrome, VTE/Fat Embolism, SLE,
Fibromyalgia, Muscular Dystrophy, Low Back Pain, Intervertebral Disc Disease, Trauma & Burns, Head Injury & ICP,
Spinal Cord Injury, Neurogenic Shock, Autonomic Dysreflexia
Source: NSG-430 Exam 3 Comprehensive Bank – Latest 2026/2027 Curriculum
Format: Q&A Guide with Clinical Rationale
Total Questions: 500+ (All processed – no omissions, no truncation)
1: What is a fracture?
Correct Answer: A disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of bone. Although traumatic
injuries account for the majority of fractures, some fractures are secondary to a disease process (such
as pathologic fractures from cancer or osteoporosis).
1. Fractures are classified as open (compound) or closed (simple).
2. Pathologic fractures occur through weakened bone with minimal trauma.
2: What is delayed union in fracture healing?
Correct Answer: Fracture healing progresses more slowly than expected. Healing eventually occurs.
1. Risk factors: poor nutrition, infection, smoking, inadequate immobilization.
2. May require bone stimulation or additional immobilization.
3: What is nonunion of a fracture?
Correct Answer: Fracture fails to heal despite treatment. No x-ray evidence of callus formation.
1. May require surgical intervention with bone grafting.
2. Risk factors include infection, avascular necrosis, and inadequate fixation.
4: What is malunion of a fracture?
Correct Answer: Fracture heals in expected time but in unsatisfactory position, possibly resulting in
deformity or dysfunction.
1. May cause altered biomechanics and joint arthritis.
2. Surgical osteotomy may be required to correct.
5: What is angulation in fracture healing?
Correct Answer: Fracture heals in abnormal position in relation to midline of structure (type of
malunion).
1. Most common in long bones.
2. May affect weight-bearing alignment.
6: What is pseudoarthrosis?
Correct Answer: Type of nonunion occurring at fracture site in which a false joint is formed with
abnormal movement at site.
1. Results from persistent motion at fracture site.
2. Requires surgical stabilization and bone grafting.
, 7: What is refracture?
Correct Answer: New fracture occurs at original fracture site.
1. Risk increases with premature weight-bearing.
2. May occur after hardware removal.
8: What is myositis ossificans?
Correct Answer: Deposition of calcium in muscle tissue at site of significant blunt muscle trauma or
repeated muscle injury.
1. Most common in quadriceps and brachialis muscles.
2. Presents with pain, swelling, and limited ROM.
9: What are the clinical manifestations of a fracture?
Correct Answer: The clinical manifestations of fracture include immediate localized pain, decreased
function, and inability to bear weight on or use the affected part. The patient guards and protects the
extremity against movement. Obvious bone deformity may not be present.
1. If a fracture is suspected, immobilize the extremity in the position found.
2. Unnecessary movement may convert closed to open fracture.
10: What are the overall goals of fracture treatment?
Correct Answer: (1) Anatomic realignment of bone fragments through reduction, (2) Immobilization
to maintain realignment, and (3) Restoration of normal or near-normal function of the injured part.
1. Reduction can be closed (nonsurgical) or open (surgical).
2. Immobilization methods include casting, traction, external fixation, or internal fixation.
11: What is closed fracture reduction?
Correct Answer: Closed reduction is a nonsurgical, manual realignment of bone fragments to their
previous anatomic position. Traction and countertraction are manually applied to the bone fragments
to restore position, length, and alignment. Closed reduction is usually performed while the patient is
under local or general anesthesia (conscious sedation).
1. Post-reduction immobilization with traction, casting, external fixation, splints, or braces.
2. X-ray confirmation of alignment is obtained.
12: What is open fracture reduction?
Correct Answer: Open reduction is the correction of bone alignment through a surgical incision. It
usually includes internal fixation of the fracture with the use of wires, screws, pins, plates,
intramedullary rods, or nails. The main risks are infection, complications associated with anesthesia,
and the effect of preexisting medical conditions (e.g., diabetes).
1. Early ROM of joint prevents adhesions.
2. Open reduction facilitates early ambulation, decreasing complications of prolonged immobility.
13: What drug therapy is used for pain associated with muscle spasms in fractures?
Correct Answer: Central and peripheral muscle relaxants, such as carisoprodol (Soma),
cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), or methocarbamol (Robaxin), may be prescribed.
1. These drugs cause drowsiness; teach patients not to drive.
2. Amputees always receive tetanus shots.
14: What are the uses of traction?
Correct Answer: (1) Prevent or reduce pain and muscle spasm (e.g., whiplash, unrepaired hip
fracture), (2) Immobilize a joint or part of the body, (3) Reduce a fracture or dislocation, (4) Treat a
pathologic joint condition (e.g., tumor, infection).
1. Traction devices apply pulling force while countertraction pulls in opposite direction.
2. Two most common types are skin traction and skeletal traction.
