NSG 533 Advanced Pharmacology | Exam 3 |
Latest 2026/2027 Guide | Complete
Solutions | Advanced Pharmacology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
‣ Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) -✓✓- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
‣ according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? -✓✓- do not have HF, but
at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
‣ according to the universal definition, what is "HF" -✓✓- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
‣ who is most at risk for HF -✓✓black males and females; older women
‣ two biggest causes of HF -✓✓1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
‣ calculate EF -✓✓SV/LVEDV
‣ synonym for inotropy -✓✓contraction (HFrEF)
‣ synonym for lusitropy -✓✓relaxation (HFpEF)
‣ two organizations for classification of HF -✓✓1. American Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D)
- based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity
limitations
‣ how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF -✓✓cardiac dysfunction has
structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
, ‣ compensatory mechanisms for HF -✓✓1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can
give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
‣ two types of angiotensin II -✓✓1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
‣ effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF -✓✓- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
‣ are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? -✓✓20x higher than normal
‣ effects of aldosterone on HF -✓✓- increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
‣ list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease -✓✓- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
‣ what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? -
✓✓1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
‣ what hormones worsen HF -✓✓- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
‣ hormones that are good for HF -✓✓- natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
‣ types of ventricular remodeling -✓✓- concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic HF, too
stiff, HFpEF)
- eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF)
Latest 2026/2027 Guide | Complete
Solutions | Advanced Pharmacology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
‣ Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) -✓✓- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
‣ according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? -✓✓- do not have HF, but
at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
‣ according to the universal definition, what is "HF" -✓✓- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
‣ who is most at risk for HF -✓✓black males and females; older women
‣ two biggest causes of HF -✓✓1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
‣ calculate EF -✓✓SV/LVEDV
‣ synonym for inotropy -✓✓contraction (HFrEF)
‣ synonym for lusitropy -✓✓relaxation (HFpEF)
‣ two organizations for classification of HF -✓✓1. American Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D)
- based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity
limitations
‣ how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF -✓✓cardiac dysfunction has
structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
, ‣ compensatory mechanisms for HF -✓✓1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can
give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
‣ two types of angiotensin II -✓✓1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
‣ effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF -✓✓- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
‣ are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? -✓✓20x higher than normal
‣ effects of aldosterone on HF -✓✓- increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
‣ list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease -✓✓- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
‣ what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? -
✓✓1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
‣ what hormones worsen HF -✓✓- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
‣ hormones that are good for HF -✓✓- natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
‣ types of ventricular remodeling -✓✓- concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic HF, too
stiff, HFpEF)
- eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF)
