NSG 533 Advanced Pharmacology | Exam
1 | Latest 2026/2027 Guide | Complete
Solutions | Advanced Pharmacology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
• What are the five components of pathophysiology? -✓✓etiology
pidemiology
pathogenesis
clinical manifestations
outcomes
• Etiology -✓✓Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
• Epidemiology -✓✓Patterns in populations of people and their characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
• Incidence -✓✓New
• Prevalence -✓✓Existing and new; total
• Pathogenesis -✓✓Sequence of events from stimulus of disease and
manifestations
• Clinical manifestations -✓✓Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
• Outcomes -✓✓Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
,• Primary prevention -✓✓Preventing initial occurrence
• Secondary prevention -✓✓Detection and screening
• Tertiary prevention -✓✓Treating or reducing relapse/disability/chronicity
• What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death? -✓✓1. ATP
depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
• What is ATP depletion? -✓✓Inability of cell to produce adequate ATP to fuel
normal activities
-most common: hypoxia
• How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production? -✓✓Hypoxia leads to the
inability to perform oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) and glycolysis (anaerobic)
kicks in
• What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion regulation? -
✓✓ATP depletion leads to the failure of the NaK pump, causing the leakage of
Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, and the production of lactate
• How does NaK pump failure impact the cell? -✓✓Na normally outside and K
normally inside
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
• What does a drop in pH do to the cell? -✓✓Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and
karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
• Pyknosis -✓✓Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a drop in pH
, • Karyorrhexis -✓✓Fragmentation of nuclear material
• Karyolysis -✓✓Dissolution of nuclear material
• What are free radicals? -✓✓Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron and
high affinity for lipids, normal byproduct of cellular metabolism
• What is lipid peroxidation? -✓✓Binding of free radicals to phospholipid bilayer
membrane around the cell and its organelles causing dissolution or a hole
• What are reactive oxygen species (ROS) -✓✓Chemically reactive molecules
formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and
energy generation
• How does the body handle free radicals and ROS to prevent tissue injury -
✓✓Antioxidants remove
problems occur when free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm
antioxidants
• How can membrane permeability defect? -✓✓Inherited / genetic
acquired / exposure to mutagenic or carcinogenic environmental factors
lysis by enzymes, virus, or direct injury from stressors
• What is bilirubin? -✓✓Pigment released when RBC's breakdown
• What is unconjugated bilirubin? -✓✓Type of bilirubin that is fat-soluble and can't
be excreted
• What is conjugated bilirubin? -✓✓Type of bilirubin that is water-soluble and able
to be excreted
• What is the role of glucuronic acid in bilirubin metabolism? -✓✓It is required
from liver cells to convert unconjugated bilirubin to conjugated bilirubin
1 | Latest 2026/2027 Guide | Complete
Solutions | Advanced Pharmacology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
• What are the five components of pathophysiology? -✓✓etiology
pidemiology
pathogenesis
clinical manifestations
outcomes
• Etiology -✓✓Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
• Epidemiology -✓✓Patterns in populations of people and their characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
• Incidence -✓✓New
• Prevalence -✓✓Existing and new; total
• Pathogenesis -✓✓Sequence of events from stimulus of disease and
manifestations
• Clinical manifestations -✓✓Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
• Outcomes -✓✓Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
,• Primary prevention -✓✓Preventing initial occurrence
• Secondary prevention -✓✓Detection and screening
• Tertiary prevention -✓✓Treating or reducing relapse/disability/chronicity
• What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death? -✓✓1. ATP
depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
• What is ATP depletion? -✓✓Inability of cell to produce adequate ATP to fuel
normal activities
-most common: hypoxia
• How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production? -✓✓Hypoxia leads to the
inability to perform oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) and glycolysis (anaerobic)
kicks in
• What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion regulation? -
✓✓ATP depletion leads to the failure of the NaK pump, causing the leakage of
Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, and the production of lactate
• How does NaK pump failure impact the cell? -✓✓Na normally outside and K
normally inside
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
• What does a drop in pH do to the cell? -✓✓Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and
karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
• Pyknosis -✓✓Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a drop in pH
, • Karyorrhexis -✓✓Fragmentation of nuclear material
• Karyolysis -✓✓Dissolution of nuclear material
• What are free radicals? -✓✓Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron and
high affinity for lipids, normal byproduct of cellular metabolism
• What is lipid peroxidation? -✓✓Binding of free radicals to phospholipid bilayer
membrane around the cell and its organelles causing dissolution or a hole
• What are reactive oxygen species (ROS) -✓✓Chemically reactive molecules
formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and
energy generation
• How does the body handle free radicals and ROS to prevent tissue injury -
✓✓Antioxidants remove
problems occur when free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm
antioxidants
• How can membrane permeability defect? -✓✓Inherited / genetic
acquired / exposure to mutagenic or carcinogenic environmental factors
lysis by enzymes, virus, or direct injury from stressors
• What is bilirubin? -✓✓Pigment released when RBC's breakdown
• What is unconjugated bilirubin? -✓✓Type of bilirubin that is fat-soluble and can't
be excreted
• What is conjugated bilirubin? -✓✓Type of bilirubin that is water-soluble and able
to be excreted
• What is the role of glucuronic acid in bilirubin metabolism? -✓✓It is required
from liver cells to convert unconjugated bilirubin to conjugated bilirubin
