NRS 230 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 (LATEST UPDATE)
REAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |100%
CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED A
pharmacokinetics Ans✓✓✓ Determines how much of an administered
dose gets to the desired site of action. 4 processes: drug absorption, drug
distribution, drug metabolism, drug excretion.
sulfonamides MOA Ans✓✓✓ - Inhibit folate synthesis by blocking
conversion of Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to folate
antibiotics that are effective against MRSA Ans✓✓✓ Ceftaroline (5th
generation cephalosporin), vancomycin, televancin, linezolid
antibiotics that are broad spectrum Ans✓✓✓ 4th generation
cephalosporins, carbapenems, tetracyclines, sulfonamides
4 pharmacokinetic processes Ans✓✓✓ drug absorption, drug
distribution, drug metabolism, drug excretion.
pharmacodynamics Ans✓✓✓ can be thought of as the impact of drugs
on the body.
dose-response relationship Ans✓✓✓ the relationship between the size of
the doze and effect intensity (ex. opioids: higher dose leads to more pain
relief, overdose leads to death)
,pharmacotherapeutics Ans✓✓✓ treatment of pathological conditions
with medications
pharmacognosy Ans✓✓✓ the study of drugs that are obtained from
natural plant/animal sources
trade name Ans✓✓✓ propietary brand names, names under which a
drug is marketed (can be more than one trade name)
generic name Ans✓✓✓ Nonpropietary name, assigned by the US
Adopted Names Council. Less complex than chemical name, first
syllable often indicates pharmacological class.
chemical name Ans✓✓✓ the name of a drug using chemical
nomenclature, long and complex.
6 rights Ans✓✓✓ patient, medication, dose, route, time, documentation,
(bonus: right to refuse)
properties of an ideal drug Ans✓✓✓ -effective
-safe
-selective
-reversible
,-predictability
-ease of administration
-freedom from drug interactions
-low cost
-chemical stability
-simple generic name
paraenteral administraion Ans✓✓✓ outside of GI tract, usually injection
enteral administration Ans✓✓✓ oral administration, absorbed via GI
tract
types of oral administration Ans✓✓✓ tablets, entereic coated
preparations, sustained-release preparations
IV administration Ans✓✓✓ (paraenteral) puts drug directly into blood
stream. PROS: no barriers to absorption, immediate response, permits
large fluid volumes. CONS: irreversible, expensive, cannot be self-
administered, possible CNS toxicity (admin slowly to prevent this)
IM injection Ans✓✓✓ (paraenteral) only barrier is the capillary wall
(does not need to cross cell membranes), absorption can be quick or
slow depending on water solubility/blood flow to injection site. PROS:
can be used for poorly soluble drugs, can be used to administer depot
, preparations CONS: uncomfortable, inconvenient, can cause local tissue
injury and possible nerve damage.
depot preparations Ans✓✓✓ IM/SubQ preparations from which the drug
is absorbed slowly over a long period of time
subcutaneous (subQ) administration Ans✓✓✓ (paraenteral) enters blood
stream directly, blood flow/drug solubility determine speed of
absorption. PROS: can be used for poorly soluble drugs and depot
preparations. CONS: discomfort, inconvenience, potential for nerve
damage
oral administration (PO) Ans✓✓✓ (enteral) absorbed in GI - stomach,
small intestine, or large intestine - and then go through liver before
reaching general circulation. barriers to administration: epithelial cells
that line GI tract, capillary wall (not significant), potential for
metablolism/recirculation in liver. PROS: easy, convenient, easy self-
administration, no risk of fluid overload/infection/embolism, potentially
reversible. CONS: highly variable absorption, can inactivate some drugs,
requires conscious and cooperative patient, GI irritation
factors that can influence GI absorption of oral drugs Ans✓✓✓
solubility/stability of drug, gastric and intestinal pH, gastric emptying
time, food in the gut, coadministration of other drugs, special coatings
on drug preparation.
REAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |100%
CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED A
pharmacokinetics Ans✓✓✓ Determines how much of an administered
dose gets to the desired site of action. 4 processes: drug absorption, drug
distribution, drug metabolism, drug excretion.
sulfonamides MOA Ans✓✓✓ - Inhibit folate synthesis by blocking
conversion of Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to folate
antibiotics that are effective against MRSA Ans✓✓✓ Ceftaroline (5th
generation cephalosporin), vancomycin, televancin, linezolid
antibiotics that are broad spectrum Ans✓✓✓ 4th generation
cephalosporins, carbapenems, tetracyclines, sulfonamides
4 pharmacokinetic processes Ans✓✓✓ drug absorption, drug
distribution, drug metabolism, drug excretion.
pharmacodynamics Ans✓✓✓ can be thought of as the impact of drugs
on the body.
dose-response relationship Ans✓✓✓ the relationship between the size of
the doze and effect intensity (ex. opioids: higher dose leads to more pain
relief, overdose leads to death)
,pharmacotherapeutics Ans✓✓✓ treatment of pathological conditions
with medications
pharmacognosy Ans✓✓✓ the study of drugs that are obtained from
natural plant/animal sources
trade name Ans✓✓✓ propietary brand names, names under which a
drug is marketed (can be more than one trade name)
generic name Ans✓✓✓ Nonpropietary name, assigned by the US
Adopted Names Council. Less complex than chemical name, first
syllable often indicates pharmacological class.
chemical name Ans✓✓✓ the name of a drug using chemical
nomenclature, long and complex.
6 rights Ans✓✓✓ patient, medication, dose, route, time, documentation,
(bonus: right to refuse)
properties of an ideal drug Ans✓✓✓ -effective
-safe
-selective
-reversible
,-predictability
-ease of administration
-freedom from drug interactions
-low cost
-chemical stability
-simple generic name
paraenteral administraion Ans✓✓✓ outside of GI tract, usually injection
enteral administration Ans✓✓✓ oral administration, absorbed via GI
tract
types of oral administration Ans✓✓✓ tablets, entereic coated
preparations, sustained-release preparations
IV administration Ans✓✓✓ (paraenteral) puts drug directly into blood
stream. PROS: no barriers to absorption, immediate response, permits
large fluid volumes. CONS: irreversible, expensive, cannot be self-
administered, possible CNS toxicity (admin slowly to prevent this)
IM injection Ans✓✓✓ (paraenteral) only barrier is the capillary wall
(does not need to cross cell membranes), absorption can be quick or
slow depending on water solubility/blood flow to injection site. PROS:
can be used for poorly soluble drugs, can be used to administer depot
, preparations CONS: uncomfortable, inconvenient, can cause local tissue
injury and possible nerve damage.
depot preparations Ans✓✓✓ IM/SubQ preparations from which the drug
is absorbed slowly over a long period of time
subcutaneous (subQ) administration Ans✓✓✓ (paraenteral) enters blood
stream directly, blood flow/drug solubility determine speed of
absorption. PROS: can be used for poorly soluble drugs and depot
preparations. CONS: discomfort, inconvenience, potential for nerve
damage
oral administration (PO) Ans✓✓✓ (enteral) absorbed in GI - stomach,
small intestine, or large intestine - and then go through liver before
reaching general circulation. barriers to administration: epithelial cells
that line GI tract, capillary wall (not significant), potential for
metablolism/recirculation in liver. PROS: easy, convenient, easy self-
administration, no risk of fluid overload/infection/embolism, potentially
reversible. CONS: highly variable absorption, can inactivate some drugs,
requires conscious and cooperative patient, GI irritation
factors that can influence GI absorption of oral drugs Ans✓✓✓
solubility/stability of drug, gastric and intestinal pH, gastric emptying
time, food in the gut, coadministration of other drugs, special coatings
on drug preparation.
