BIOLOGY 1001 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
The Central Dogma - ANS DNA --[transcribes]---> RNA --[translates]---> Protein
Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction (cell cycle & DNA) - ANS Includes: genes, chromosomes,
bases, DNA, mutations, homologous chromosomes, gametes. cell cycle interphase (G1,S,G2),
mitosis (PMAT), meiosis
cellular division - ANS parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells
-- Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information from the parent cell and
about half its cytoplasm (info usually identical to the hereditary info found in the parent cells)
-- Cell division is required for ___ and ___
-- After cell division, the daughter cells may ___ or ____ - ANS -- required for growth and
development
-- grow and divide, or differentiate (becoming specialized for specific functions)
What is DNA? - ANS Hereditary info in all cells
What is DNA composed of? - ANS -- Nucleotides
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 30
,Nucleotides composed of 1) a phosphate, 2) a sugar (deoxyribose), and #) one of four bases -
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C)
-- linked by hydrogen bonds
What holds the two strands of DNA together? Explain the structure. - ANS -- Hydrogen bonds
between complementary bases hold two DNA strands together in a double helix, twisted,
ladder-like structure
[ The bases protrude inward toward each other from the sugar-phosphate backbone like rungs
on a ladder. Hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs together and twisted into a double helix ]
What is a chromosome? - ANS -- a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in
the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
• Contains DNA and a protein
• Passed on during sexual reproduction
What are genes? - ANS -- a unit of hereditary information that is inherited from the parent
cells [and encodes information needed to produce proteins, cells, and entire organisms]
-- sequence segments of nucleotides in DNA at specific locations on chromosomes that contain
traits passed down to offspring
Inheritence - ANS the process by which the characteristics of individuals are passed to their
offspring
How do the bases in DNA pair? - ANS A-T and C-G
What is the cell cycle? - ANS The repeating pattern of divide, grow, and differentiate, then
divide again in cells
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 30
, What is the order of the phases in the cell cycle? - ANS • Interphase- G1, S, then G2 (cell
growth, DNA synthesis/replication, differentiates)
• Prophase- chromatin condense and nucleolus disappears
• Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
• Anaphase- paired chromosome separate and begin moving to opposite sides of the cell
• Telophase- cell splits in two
• Cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides
What occurs during interphase? - ANS A cell grows in size, replicates DNA, and differentiates
What occurs during prophase? - ANS The chromosomes condense, the spindles form, and the
chromosomes are captured by the spindles
What occurs during metaphase? - ANS The chromosomes line up along the equator of the
cell
What occurs during anaphase? - ANS Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite
poles of the cell
What occurs during telophase? - ANS Nuclear envelopes form around both groups of
chromosomes and the cytoplasm is split (cytokinesis)
What occurs during cytokinesis? - ANS (aka cytoplasmic division), the cytoplasm is divided
roughly equally between the two daughter cells, and one daughter nucleus enters each of the
daughter cells
What is the difference between the two types of eukaryotic cell division, mitosis and meiosis? -
ANS Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis only has
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 30
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
The Central Dogma - ANS DNA --[transcribes]---> RNA --[translates]---> Protein
Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction (cell cycle & DNA) - ANS Includes: genes, chromosomes,
bases, DNA, mutations, homologous chromosomes, gametes. cell cycle interphase (G1,S,G2),
mitosis (PMAT), meiosis
cellular division - ANS parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells
-- Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information from the parent cell and
about half its cytoplasm (info usually identical to the hereditary info found in the parent cells)
-- Cell division is required for ___ and ___
-- After cell division, the daughter cells may ___ or ____ - ANS -- required for growth and
development
-- grow and divide, or differentiate (becoming specialized for specific functions)
What is DNA? - ANS Hereditary info in all cells
What is DNA composed of? - ANS -- Nucleotides
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 30
,Nucleotides composed of 1) a phosphate, 2) a sugar (deoxyribose), and #) one of four bases -
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C)
-- linked by hydrogen bonds
What holds the two strands of DNA together? Explain the structure. - ANS -- Hydrogen bonds
between complementary bases hold two DNA strands together in a double helix, twisted,
ladder-like structure
[ The bases protrude inward toward each other from the sugar-phosphate backbone like rungs
on a ladder. Hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs together and twisted into a double helix ]
What is a chromosome? - ANS -- a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in
the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
• Contains DNA and a protein
• Passed on during sexual reproduction
What are genes? - ANS -- a unit of hereditary information that is inherited from the parent
cells [and encodes information needed to produce proteins, cells, and entire organisms]
-- sequence segments of nucleotides in DNA at specific locations on chromosomes that contain
traits passed down to offspring
Inheritence - ANS the process by which the characteristics of individuals are passed to their
offspring
How do the bases in DNA pair? - ANS A-T and C-G
What is the cell cycle? - ANS The repeating pattern of divide, grow, and differentiate, then
divide again in cells
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 30
, What is the order of the phases in the cell cycle? - ANS • Interphase- G1, S, then G2 (cell
growth, DNA synthesis/replication, differentiates)
• Prophase- chromatin condense and nucleolus disappears
• Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
• Anaphase- paired chromosome separate and begin moving to opposite sides of the cell
• Telophase- cell splits in two
• Cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides
What occurs during interphase? - ANS A cell grows in size, replicates DNA, and differentiates
What occurs during prophase? - ANS The chromosomes condense, the spindles form, and the
chromosomes are captured by the spindles
What occurs during metaphase? - ANS The chromosomes line up along the equator of the
cell
What occurs during anaphase? - ANS Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite
poles of the cell
What occurs during telophase? - ANS Nuclear envelopes form around both groups of
chromosomes and the cytoplasm is split (cytokinesis)
What occurs during cytokinesis? - ANS (aka cytoplasmic division), the cytoplasm is divided
roughly equally between the two daughter cells, and one daughter nucleus enters each of the
daughter cells
What is the difference between the two types of eukaryotic cell division, mitosis and meiosis? -
ANS Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis only has
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 30
