BIO 171 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Photosynthesis - ANS process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
autotrophs - ANS producers of the biosphere
photoautotrophs - ANS autotrophs that use energy from sunlight to make organic molecules
via photosynthesis
heterotrophs - ANS organisms that obtain organic material from consuming all or parts of
other organisms
cell division - ANS reproduction of cells: allows for continuity of life; controlled process
resulting in genetically identical daughter cells
cell cycle - ANS life of a cell from formation to to its own division
cells duplicate their genetic material - ANS before they divide, ensuring that each daughter
cell receives an exact copy of the genetic code
genome - ANS all the DNA in a cell
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,chromosomes - ANS what DNA molecules are packaged into, formed by several levels of
coiling around proteins
chromatin - ANS combined DNA and protein complex
sister chromatids - ANS connected copies of the chromosome
centromere - ANS narrow "waist" of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids
are most closely attached
somatic cells - ANS typical cells of the body, contain the full genome, the full set of
chromosomes
gametes - ANS reproductive cells including sperm and eggs, contain half the chromosomes in
somatic cells
meiosis - ANS process that produces gametes (sperm and egg); yields nonidentical daughter
cells
Interphase - ANS cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division
Mitotic (M) phase - ANS mitosis and cytokinesis
sub phases of Interphase - ANS G1 phase ("first gap"), S phase ("synthesis"), G2 phase
("second gap")
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, S phase - ANS only phase where the chromosomes are duplicated
Mitosis - ANS division of duplicated chromosomes: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase
G2 of interphase - ANS chromosomes have been duplicated but aren't condensed; two
*centrosomes* have formed that will organize the mitotic spindle
mitotic spindle - ANS a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement
during mitosis
aster - ANS a radial array of short microtubules - extends from each centrosome in the
spindle.
Prophase - ANS Chromatin is condensed into discrete duplicated chromosomes that appear
as pairs of identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres
Prometaphase - ANS Nuclear envelope fragments. Each of the two sister chromatids of each
duplicated chromosome has a kinetochore protein to which the microtubules of the spindle
attach
Metaphase - ANS The chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane equal
distance from the two centrosomes
Anaphase - ANS Sister chromatids of each pair separate and move towards opposite
centrosomes. The cell elongates as the microtubules not attached to kinetochores lengthen
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ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Photosynthesis - ANS process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
autotrophs - ANS producers of the biosphere
photoautotrophs - ANS autotrophs that use energy from sunlight to make organic molecules
via photosynthesis
heterotrophs - ANS organisms that obtain organic material from consuming all or parts of
other organisms
cell division - ANS reproduction of cells: allows for continuity of life; controlled process
resulting in genetically identical daughter cells
cell cycle - ANS life of a cell from formation to to its own division
cells duplicate their genetic material - ANS before they divide, ensuring that each daughter
cell receives an exact copy of the genetic code
genome - ANS all the DNA in a cell
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 21
,chromosomes - ANS what DNA molecules are packaged into, formed by several levels of
coiling around proteins
chromatin - ANS combined DNA and protein complex
sister chromatids - ANS connected copies of the chromosome
centromere - ANS narrow "waist" of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids
are most closely attached
somatic cells - ANS typical cells of the body, contain the full genome, the full set of
chromosomes
gametes - ANS reproductive cells including sperm and eggs, contain half the chromosomes in
somatic cells
meiosis - ANS process that produces gametes (sperm and egg); yields nonidentical daughter
cells
Interphase - ANS cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division
Mitotic (M) phase - ANS mitosis and cytokinesis
sub phases of Interphase - ANS G1 phase ("first gap"), S phase ("synthesis"), G2 phase
("second gap")
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 21
, S phase - ANS only phase where the chromosomes are duplicated
Mitosis - ANS division of duplicated chromosomes: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase
G2 of interphase - ANS chromosomes have been duplicated but aren't condensed; two
*centrosomes* have formed that will organize the mitotic spindle
mitotic spindle - ANS a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement
during mitosis
aster - ANS a radial array of short microtubules - extends from each centrosome in the
spindle.
Prophase - ANS Chromatin is condensed into discrete duplicated chromosomes that appear
as pairs of identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres
Prometaphase - ANS Nuclear envelope fragments. Each of the two sister chromatids of each
duplicated chromosome has a kinetochore protein to which the microtubules of the spindle
attach
Metaphase - ANS The chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane equal
distance from the two centrosomes
Anaphase - ANS Sister chromatids of each pair separate and move towards opposite
centrosomes. The cell elongates as the microtubules not attached to kinetochores lengthen
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 21
