BIOLOGY 151 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Characteristics of living things - ANS 1. Living Things are Composed of Cells
2. Living Things Have Different Levels of Organization
3. Living Things Use Energy
4. Living Things Respond To Their Environment
5. Living Things Grow
6. Living Things Reproduce
7. Living Things Adapt To Their Environment
Hierarchical organization of living systems -
ANS atom<molecule<organelle<cell<tissue<organ<organ
system<organism<population<community<ecosystem<biosphere
cell Theory - ANS scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are the
basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction.
molecular basis of heredity - ANS In all organisms, the instructions for the characteristics of
the organism are carried in DNA, a large molecule. Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single
chromosome.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 47
,Most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of 22 different chromosomes (one copy
from your mother, and one copy from your father). An additional pair of chromosomes
determines the sex, male or female.
Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously at low rates. Some changes make no
difference to the organism, and other can change the organism.
relationship between structure and function - ANS A cell's structure can be simple or complex
depending on the function of the cell. Each cell has a structure that has evolved to allow the cell
to perform its function effectively
Evolution gives rise to diversity - ANS
Living systems use energy to exist in non-equilibrium states - ANS
matter - ANS anything that has mass and takes up space
Element - ANS A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical
means
Atoms - ANS Protons: subatomic particle with a positive electric charge
Neutrons: subatomic particle with no charge
Electrons: subatomic particle with a negative charge
Energy levels in atoms:
Cations - ANS positively charged ion
Anions - ANS negatively charged ion
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,Redox reactions - ANS oxidation:
~ The term given to species that have lost electrons
~ Increase in oxidation number
Reduction:
~ The term given to species that have gained electrons
~ Decrease in oxidation number
valence electrons - ANS electrons in the outer shell of an atom
Octet rule - ANS chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group
elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell,
giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
chemical Bonds - ANS lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of
chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between
atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds.
ionic Bonds - ANS the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms and is a type
of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. It is observed because metals
with few electrons in its outer-most orbital.
Non-Polar covalent bonds - ANS are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of
electrons with each other.
Polar covalent Bonds - ANS a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally
shared between two atoms.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 47
, Hydrogen bonds - ANS the electrostatic attraction between polar groups that occurs when a
hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or
fluorine (F) experiences attraction to some other nearby highly electronegative atom.
chemical reactions alter bonds! - ANS
Properties of water - ANS Polar molecule
Cohesion and adhesion
High specific heat
Density - greatest at 4oC
Universal solvent of life
Chemistry of carbon - ANS
6 elements make up macromolecules - ANS Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Hydrates,
Phospherus
monomers - ANS molecule that is able to bond in long chains.
polymers - ANS substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are composed of a
large number of repeating units
macromolecule - ANS Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 47
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Characteristics of living things - ANS 1. Living Things are Composed of Cells
2. Living Things Have Different Levels of Organization
3. Living Things Use Energy
4. Living Things Respond To Their Environment
5. Living Things Grow
6. Living Things Reproduce
7. Living Things Adapt To Their Environment
Hierarchical organization of living systems -
ANS atom<molecule<organelle<cell<tissue<organ<organ
system<organism<population<community<ecosystem<biosphere
cell Theory - ANS scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are the
basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction.
molecular basis of heredity - ANS In all organisms, the instructions for the characteristics of
the organism are carried in DNA, a large molecule. Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single
chromosome.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 47
,Most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of 22 different chromosomes (one copy
from your mother, and one copy from your father). An additional pair of chromosomes
determines the sex, male or female.
Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously at low rates. Some changes make no
difference to the organism, and other can change the organism.
relationship between structure and function - ANS A cell's structure can be simple or complex
depending on the function of the cell. Each cell has a structure that has evolved to allow the cell
to perform its function effectively
Evolution gives rise to diversity - ANS
Living systems use energy to exist in non-equilibrium states - ANS
matter - ANS anything that has mass and takes up space
Element - ANS A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical
means
Atoms - ANS Protons: subatomic particle with a positive electric charge
Neutrons: subatomic particle with no charge
Electrons: subatomic particle with a negative charge
Energy levels in atoms:
Cations - ANS positively charged ion
Anions - ANS negatively charged ion
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 47
,Redox reactions - ANS oxidation:
~ The term given to species that have lost electrons
~ Increase in oxidation number
Reduction:
~ The term given to species that have gained electrons
~ Decrease in oxidation number
valence electrons - ANS electrons in the outer shell of an atom
Octet rule - ANS chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group
elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell,
giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
chemical Bonds - ANS lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of
chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between
atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds.
ionic Bonds - ANS the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms and is a type
of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. It is observed because metals
with few electrons in its outer-most orbital.
Non-Polar covalent bonds - ANS are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of
electrons with each other.
Polar covalent Bonds - ANS a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally
shared between two atoms.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 47
, Hydrogen bonds - ANS the electrostatic attraction between polar groups that occurs when a
hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or
fluorine (F) experiences attraction to some other nearby highly electronegative atom.
chemical reactions alter bonds! - ANS
Properties of water - ANS Polar molecule
Cohesion and adhesion
High specific heat
Density - greatest at 4oC
Universal solvent of life
Chemistry of carbon - ANS
6 elements make up macromolecules - ANS Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Hydrates,
Phospherus
monomers - ANS molecule that is able to bond in long chains.
polymers - ANS substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are composed of a
large number of repeating units
macromolecule - ANS Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 47
