ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
20-25% - ANS Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone - ANS Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____
system, which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles.
calcium oxalate - ANS most common type of kidney stone
referred pain - ANS Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce
______ to the umbilicus area.
umbilicus - ANS Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area.
10th - ANS Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter arises from the _____ thoracic
nerve root.
urinary tract infection - ANS Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older adults
include confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 26
,pyelonephritis - ANS infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal
pelvis, and kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder - ANS ____ and _____ (vesicoureteral
reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for development of pyelonephritis.
E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas - ANS What are the three most common microorganisms
associated with acute pyelonephritis?
alkaline - ANS Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone
formation.
ammonia - ANS Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more alkaline
and therefore increases risk of stone formation.
interstitial cystitis - ANS Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condition that
includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
autoimmune - ANS The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC)
is unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response, which
includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased
sensory nerve sensitivity.
nonbacterial - ANS _______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and
fungal causes of the condition.
noninfectious - ANS _____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and
hypersensitivity causes of the condition.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 26
, urine culture, urinalysis - ANS Diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done by these two
lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as the clinical signs and symtpoms.
white blood cell - ANS _______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather than
cystitis. However, these are not always present.
urea, creatinine, renal creatinine - ANS Reduced glomerular filtration rate during glomerular
disease is evidenced by elevated plasma _______, ______ concentration, or reduced ______
clearance.
acute glomerulonephritis - ANS ____ includes renal diseases in which glomerular
inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the glomerular capillary filtration
membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes).
acute glomerulonephritis - ANS The classic symptoms of ______ include sudden onset of
hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and
in more severe cases, these symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and
impaired renal function.
3.0 - ANS Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in the urine per
day.
hypoalbuniemia - ANS _____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin per day.
nephrotic syndrome - ANS ______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in the urine each
day, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
glomerular - ANS Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 26
4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
20-25% - ANS Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone - ANS Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____
system, which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles.
calcium oxalate - ANS most common type of kidney stone
referred pain - ANS Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce
______ to the umbilicus area.
umbilicus - ANS Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area.
10th - ANS Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter arises from the _____ thoracic
nerve root.
urinary tract infection - ANS Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older adults
include confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 26
,pyelonephritis - ANS infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal
pelvis, and kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder - ANS ____ and _____ (vesicoureteral
reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for development of pyelonephritis.
E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas - ANS What are the three most common microorganisms
associated with acute pyelonephritis?
alkaline - ANS Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone
formation.
ammonia - ANS Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more alkaline
and therefore increases risk of stone formation.
interstitial cystitis - ANS Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condition that
includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
autoimmune - ANS The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC)
is unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response, which
includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased
sensory nerve sensitivity.
nonbacterial - ANS _______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and
fungal causes of the condition.
noninfectious - ANS _____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and
hypersensitivity causes of the condition.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 26
, urine culture, urinalysis - ANS Diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done by these two
lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as the clinical signs and symtpoms.
white blood cell - ANS _______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather than
cystitis. However, these are not always present.
urea, creatinine, renal creatinine - ANS Reduced glomerular filtration rate during glomerular
disease is evidenced by elevated plasma _______, ______ concentration, or reduced ______
clearance.
acute glomerulonephritis - ANS ____ includes renal diseases in which glomerular
inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the glomerular capillary filtration
membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes).
acute glomerulonephritis - ANS The classic symptoms of ______ include sudden onset of
hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and
in more severe cases, these symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and
impaired renal function.
3.0 - ANS Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in the urine per
day.
hypoalbuniemia - ANS _____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin per day.
nephrotic syndrome - ANS ______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in the urine each
day, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
glomerular - ANS Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 26
