APHY 102 FINAL (MODULE 1-8
REVIEW) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
RATED A+
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ANSWERSanterior and posterior lobe
regulation:
- anterior: hypothalamic releasing hormones are transported through the hypophyseal
portal system and stimulate cells of anterior lobe to release hormones
- posterior: nerve impulses from the hypothalamus travel through the infundibulum, and
stimulate nerve endings in posterior lobe to release hormones
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ANSWERS- hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation.
- They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood.
- It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - ANSWERSGlucagon:
- peptide hormone
- produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, that raises the concentration of glucose in the
bloodstream
- stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into
glucose
- stimulates the breakdown of fats
Insulin:
- regulates/lowers glucose concentration in the bloodstream
- produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans
- promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose
- inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose
- enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes,
decreasing blood glucose concentration
- promotes transport of amino acids into cells
- enhances synthesis of proteins and fats
- lack of insulin causes type 1 diabetes
Both:
, - work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - ANSWERSPheromones are a ~type of
hormone~ that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction
between people
How is inhibin used in the body? - ANSWERS- One of two hormones (designated
inhibin-A and inhibin-B) is secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli cells in the male and the
granulosa cells in the female) and inhibits the production of follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) by the pituitary gland.
- considered a first messenger that induces changes leading to hormone's effect
(second messenger)
* amines: derived from tyrosine (epinephrine, nonepinepherine)
* proteins: composed of long chains of amino acids (growth hormone)
* peptides: short chains of amino acids (oxytocin)
* glycoproteins: carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH)
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - ANSWERS- a type of
connective tissue suspended in a liquid matrix
- transports vital substances
- maintains stability of interstitial fluid
- distributes heat
- amount varies with body size, changes in fluid and electrocyte concentration, and
amount of adipose tissue but is about 8% of body weight
- The inhibins are also involved in the control of the production of gametes and
embryonic and fetal development. Because inhibin-A is elevated in the blood serum of
women carrying a fetus with Down Syndrome, inhibin-A is included in the maternal
serum screening tests for Down Syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands. -
ANSWERSParacrine:
- secrete messenger molecules
- affect nearby cells
Autocrine:
- secrete messenger molecules
- affect cells that secrete the substances
Diabetes mellitus:
- common
REVIEW) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
RATED A+
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ANSWERSanterior and posterior lobe
regulation:
- anterior: hypothalamic releasing hormones are transported through the hypophyseal
portal system and stimulate cells of anterior lobe to release hormones
- posterior: nerve impulses from the hypothalamus travel through the infundibulum, and
stimulate nerve endings in posterior lobe to release hormones
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ANSWERS- hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation.
- They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood.
- It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - ANSWERSGlucagon:
- peptide hormone
- produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, that raises the concentration of glucose in the
bloodstream
- stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into
glucose
- stimulates the breakdown of fats
Insulin:
- regulates/lowers glucose concentration in the bloodstream
- produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans
- promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose
- inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose
- enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes,
decreasing blood glucose concentration
- promotes transport of amino acids into cells
- enhances synthesis of proteins and fats
- lack of insulin causes type 1 diabetes
Both:
, - work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - ANSWERSPheromones are a ~type of
hormone~ that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction
between people
How is inhibin used in the body? - ANSWERS- One of two hormones (designated
inhibin-A and inhibin-B) is secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli cells in the male and the
granulosa cells in the female) and inhibits the production of follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) by the pituitary gland.
- considered a first messenger that induces changes leading to hormone's effect
(second messenger)
* amines: derived from tyrosine (epinephrine, nonepinepherine)
* proteins: composed of long chains of amino acids (growth hormone)
* peptides: short chains of amino acids (oxytocin)
* glycoproteins: carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH)
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - ANSWERS- a type of
connective tissue suspended in a liquid matrix
- transports vital substances
- maintains stability of interstitial fluid
- distributes heat
- amount varies with body size, changes in fluid and electrocyte concentration, and
amount of adipose tissue but is about 8% of body weight
- The inhibins are also involved in the control of the production of gametes and
embryonic and fetal development. Because inhibin-A is elevated in the blood serum of
women carrying a fetus with Down Syndrome, inhibin-A is included in the maternal
serum screening tests for Down Syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands. -
ANSWERSParacrine:
- secrete messenger molecules
- affect nearby cells
Autocrine:
- secrete messenger molecules
- affect cells that secrete the substances
Diabetes mellitus:
- common
