Comprehensive BIOD 152 Module 6 Exam Preparation: Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Reproductive System, Embryonic Development, Gametogenesis, Hormonal Regulation, and Parturition
with Multiple-Answer Questions and Detailed Clinical Rationales for Portage Learning Success
Part 1: Female Reproductive System (Questions 1–40)
1. Which of the following are functions of the ovaries? (Select all that apply)
A) Produce eggs
B) Secrete estrogen
C) Secrete progesterone
D) Produce FSH
E) Transport fertilized egg to uterus
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: Ovaries produce ova (eggs) and secrete estrogen and progesterone. FSH is secreted by the
anterior pituitary. The oviduct (fallopian tube) transports the fertilized egg.
2. Which layers are part of the uterine wall? (Select all that apply)
A) Endometrium
B) Myometrium
C) Perimetrium
D) Epimetrium
E) Exometrium
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: The uterine wall consists of endometrium (inner, sheds during menstruation), myometrium
(smooth muscle, contracts during labor), and perimetrium (outer serous layer). Epimetrium and
exometrium are not anatomical terms for the uterus.
3. Which statements correctly describe the cervix? (Select all that apply)
A) It is the lower portion of the uterus
B) It produces mucus that changes consistency during the menstrual cycle
C) It dilates during labor to allow delivery
D) It is the site of fertilization
E) It contains the external os and internal os
Answer: A, B, C, E
Rationale: The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, produces cycle-dependent mucus, dilates during
labor, and has two openings (internal and external os). Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, not the
cervix.
4. Which hormones directly regulate the ovarian cycle? (Select all that apply)
A) FSH
B) LH
C) Oxytocin
,D) Estrogen
E) Prolactin
Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) from the anterior pituitary
directly regulate the ovarian cycle. Estrogen from the ovaries provides negative/positive feedback.
Oxytocin is involved in labor/let-down; prolactin in milk production.
5. During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, which events occur? (Select all that apply)
A) Endometrial lining thickens
B) Estrogen levels rise
C) Progesterone levels are at their peak
D) Ovarian follicles are maturing
E) Menstruation occurs
Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: The proliferative phase (days 6–14) is dominated by rising estrogen from maturing follicles,
causing endometrial thickening. Progesterone peaks during the secretory phase; menstruation occurs
during the menstrual phase.
6. Which of the following are true regarding the fallopian tubes? (Select all that apply)
A) Also called oviducts
B) Contain fimbriae that sweep over the ovary
C) Are the usual site of fertilization
D) Implantation of the blastocyst normally occurs here
E) Transport the secondary oocyte toward the uterus
Answer: A, B, C, E
Rationale: Fallopian tubes (oviducts) have fimbriae, are the fertilization site, and transport the oocyte.
Implantation occurs in the endometrium of the uterus, not in the fallopian tube.
7. What are functions of the vagina? (Select all that apply)
A) Birth canal
B) Receives semen during intercourse
C) Produces eggs
D) Allows passage of menstrual fluid
E) Secretes LH
Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: The vagina serves as the birth canal, receives semen, and allows menstrual fluid outflow.
Egg production occurs in ovaries; LH is secreted by the pituitary.
8. Which correctly describe the corpus luteum? (Select all that apply)
A) Forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation
B) Secretes progesterone
C) Secretes estrogen
D) Degenerates into corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur
E) Produces FSH
, Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: The corpus luteum forms post-ovulation, secretes progesterone and some estrogen, and
degenerates into corpus albicans if no pregnancy. FSH is not produced by the corpus luteum.
9. Which statements about the menstrual phase are correct? (Select all that apply)
A) It occurs on days 1–5 of a typical 28-day cycle
B) It involves shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium
C) Estrogen and progesterone levels are low
D) FSH levels begin to rise
E) Ovulation occurs during this phase
Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Menstrual phase (days 1–5) sheds endometrium due to low estrogen/progesterone,
triggering FSH rise for next cycle. Ovulation occurs around day 14.
10. Which are components of the external genitalia (vulva)? (Select all that apply)
A) Labia majora
B) Labia minora
C) Clitoris
D) Vaginal orifice
E) Urethral orifice
F) Cervix
Answer: A, B, C, D, E
Rationale: Vulva includes labia majora/minora, clitoris, vaginal and urethral orifices. The cervix is
internal, part of the uterus.
11. Which cells are involved in oogenesis? (Select all that apply)
A) Oogonia
B) Primary oocytes
C) Secondary oocytes
D) Polar bodies
E) Spermatogonia
Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Oogonia, primary/secondary oocytes, and polar bodies are involved in oogenesis.
Spermatogonia are male germ cells.
12. At which stages does meiosis arrest in oogenesis? (Select all that apply)
A) Prophase I (from fetal life until ovulation)
B) Metaphase II (until fertilization)
C) Anaphase I
D) Telophase II
E) Prophase II
Answer: A, B
Rationale: Primary oocytes arrest in prophase I until puberty. After ovulation, the secondary oocyte
arrests in metaphase II until fertilization. No other arrests occur in oogenesis.
Reproductive System, Embryonic Development, Gametogenesis, Hormonal Regulation, and Parturition
with Multiple-Answer Questions and Detailed Clinical Rationales for Portage Learning Success
Part 1: Female Reproductive System (Questions 1–40)
1. Which of the following are functions of the ovaries? (Select all that apply)
A) Produce eggs
B) Secrete estrogen
C) Secrete progesterone
D) Produce FSH
E) Transport fertilized egg to uterus
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: Ovaries produce ova (eggs) and secrete estrogen and progesterone. FSH is secreted by the
anterior pituitary. The oviduct (fallopian tube) transports the fertilized egg.
2. Which layers are part of the uterine wall? (Select all that apply)
A) Endometrium
B) Myometrium
C) Perimetrium
D) Epimetrium
E) Exometrium
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: The uterine wall consists of endometrium (inner, sheds during menstruation), myometrium
(smooth muscle, contracts during labor), and perimetrium (outer serous layer). Epimetrium and
exometrium are not anatomical terms for the uterus.
3. Which statements correctly describe the cervix? (Select all that apply)
A) It is the lower portion of the uterus
B) It produces mucus that changes consistency during the menstrual cycle
C) It dilates during labor to allow delivery
D) It is the site of fertilization
E) It contains the external os and internal os
Answer: A, B, C, E
Rationale: The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, produces cycle-dependent mucus, dilates during
labor, and has two openings (internal and external os). Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, not the
cervix.
4. Which hormones directly regulate the ovarian cycle? (Select all that apply)
A) FSH
B) LH
C) Oxytocin
,D) Estrogen
E) Prolactin
Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) from the anterior pituitary
directly regulate the ovarian cycle. Estrogen from the ovaries provides negative/positive feedback.
Oxytocin is involved in labor/let-down; prolactin in milk production.
5. During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, which events occur? (Select all that apply)
A) Endometrial lining thickens
B) Estrogen levels rise
C) Progesterone levels are at their peak
D) Ovarian follicles are maturing
E) Menstruation occurs
Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: The proliferative phase (days 6–14) is dominated by rising estrogen from maturing follicles,
causing endometrial thickening. Progesterone peaks during the secretory phase; menstruation occurs
during the menstrual phase.
6. Which of the following are true regarding the fallopian tubes? (Select all that apply)
A) Also called oviducts
B) Contain fimbriae that sweep over the ovary
C) Are the usual site of fertilization
D) Implantation of the blastocyst normally occurs here
E) Transport the secondary oocyte toward the uterus
Answer: A, B, C, E
Rationale: Fallopian tubes (oviducts) have fimbriae, are the fertilization site, and transport the oocyte.
Implantation occurs in the endometrium of the uterus, not in the fallopian tube.
7. What are functions of the vagina? (Select all that apply)
A) Birth canal
B) Receives semen during intercourse
C) Produces eggs
D) Allows passage of menstrual fluid
E) Secretes LH
Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: The vagina serves as the birth canal, receives semen, and allows menstrual fluid outflow.
Egg production occurs in ovaries; LH is secreted by the pituitary.
8. Which correctly describe the corpus luteum? (Select all that apply)
A) Forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation
B) Secretes progesterone
C) Secretes estrogen
D) Degenerates into corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur
E) Produces FSH
, Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: The corpus luteum forms post-ovulation, secretes progesterone and some estrogen, and
degenerates into corpus albicans if no pregnancy. FSH is not produced by the corpus luteum.
9. Which statements about the menstrual phase are correct? (Select all that apply)
A) It occurs on days 1–5 of a typical 28-day cycle
B) It involves shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium
C) Estrogen and progesterone levels are low
D) FSH levels begin to rise
E) Ovulation occurs during this phase
Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Menstrual phase (days 1–5) sheds endometrium due to low estrogen/progesterone,
triggering FSH rise for next cycle. Ovulation occurs around day 14.
10. Which are components of the external genitalia (vulva)? (Select all that apply)
A) Labia majora
B) Labia minora
C) Clitoris
D) Vaginal orifice
E) Urethral orifice
F) Cervix
Answer: A, B, C, D, E
Rationale: Vulva includes labia majora/minora, clitoris, vaginal and urethral orifices. The cervix is
internal, part of the uterus.
11. Which cells are involved in oogenesis? (Select all that apply)
A) Oogonia
B) Primary oocytes
C) Secondary oocytes
D) Polar bodies
E) Spermatogonia
Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Oogonia, primary/secondary oocytes, and polar bodies are involved in oogenesis.
Spermatogonia are male germ cells.
12. At which stages does meiosis arrest in oogenesis? (Select all that apply)
A) Prophase I (from fetal life until ovulation)
B) Metaphase II (until fertilization)
C) Anaphase I
D) Telophase II
E) Prophase II
Answer: A, B
Rationale: Primary oocytes arrest in prophase I until puberty. After ovulation, the secondary oocyte
arrests in metaphase II until fertilization. No other arrests occur in oogenesis.
