Instructor’s Manual
Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction | 10th Edition
by Frank Schmalleger
ST
U
D
YL
AB
, Table of Content
Chapter 1: What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From? From Idea to Evidence
Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences
Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior: It’s What We Are
Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives: Interaction is Key
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories: It’s How We Live
Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development: It’s What We Learn
Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories: It’s How We Relate
ST
Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization: It’s Personal
Chapter 11: Crimes against Persons: It’s What We Fear
Chapter 12: Crimes against Property: It’s What We Lose
U
Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime: Crime as a Job
Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes: Recreational Offenses
D
Chapter 15: Technology and Crime: It’s a Double-Edged Sword
Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism: Our Small World
YL
AB
, KJHGFDSA
Chapter 1
What Is Criminology?
Understanding Crime and Criminals
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 introduces the textbook and to the field of criminology. Crime can be defined in a
variety of ways; the four main definitional perspectives see crime from the legalistic, political,
sociological, and psychological viewpoints. The text uses a legalistic approach, which sees crime
as “human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local
jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws.” This approach does have some limitations,
ST
however, some of which may be addressed by the other perspectives on crime.
Many crimes are forms of deviant behavior, human activity that violates social norms;
however, not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant behavior is criminal. There is also a
significant difference between what is crime and what should be criminal. The consensus
perspective holds that a law should be enacted to criminalize a certain behavior when the
members of a society generally agree that such a law is necessary. However, in a multicultural
U
society, consensus may be difficult to achieve. The diversity of society is recognized in the
pluralist perspective, which suggests that behaviors typically are criminalized through a political
process after debate over the appropriate course of action.
D
The field of criminology itself is discussed in detail, with various definitions considered.
While criminology is primarily a social science, it is interdisciplinary. It contributes to, and
overlaps, the field of criminal justice. A criminologist is one who studies crime, criminals, and
criminal behavior; the term applies primarily to academics, researchers, and policy analysts with
YL
advanced degrees who are involved in the study of crime and crime trends and in the analysis of
societal reactions to crime. Criminalists collect and examine physical evidence of crimes, while
criminal justice professionals do the daily work of the criminal justice system. There are many
professional opportunities for individuals with degrees in criminology.
One subfield is theoretical criminology, which posits explanations for criminal behavior.
There are many different theories of crime. General theories attempt to explain all (or most)
AB
forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. An integrated theory does not
necessarily attempt to explain all criminality but merges concepts drawn from different sources.
Evidence-based criminology or knowledge-based criminology involves the use of rigorous
scientific techniques to develop knowledge in the field of criminology. It is focusing on the
creation of a body of scientific evidence that is applicable to modern social problems and
realities.
Criminological theorizing has as its ultimate goal the development of meaningful social
policies based on scientific evidence. Translational criminology involves translating
criminological research results into workable social policy. Translating research into practice is
often difficult, even with solid evidence to support policy innovations. For example, despite
widespread concern among professional groups about the effect of the media on teenage violence,
policymakers have been reluctant to curtail the production of violent media. Essentially there is a
conflict between crime reduction policies and the profit motives of media vendors.
The social policy theme of the text is presented through a contrast of the two main
perspectives popular in today’s society: the social problems perspective and the individual
1
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, KJHGFDSA
responsibility perspective. Recently the individual responsibility perspective has had a substantial
influence on national crime control policy.
Crime does not occur in a vacuum; every crime has a unique set of causes, consequences, and
participants. Crime is seen as a social event rather than an isolated individual activity. The
criminal event is the result of the coming together of inputs provided by the offender, the criminal
justice system, the victim, and the general public (society). Background and foreground features
or inputs provided by each contributor are discussed. In addition, each crime has consequences,
or outputs, which affect not only the victim and offender but also society and the criminal justice
system. These consequences may be immediate or more long-term.
The text recognizes the primacy of sociology: the belief that the primary perspective from
which many contemporary criminologists operate is a sociological one. However, not all
criminologists agree with this perspective and new and emerging perspectives are being
developed.
ST
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After reading this chapter, students should be able to answer the following questions:
1. What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has chosen to use?
2. What is deviance? How are crime and deviance similar? How do they differ?
3. Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
U
4. What is criminology? What are its many roots?
5. What do criminologists do?
6. What is evidence-based criminology? How does it complement theoretical criminology?
D
7. How does criminology, and especially criminological research, influence social policy? What
is translational criminology?
8. What is the theme of this chapter? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it build?
YL
9. What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
10. What social science has traditionally provided a central theoretical basis for criminology?
Why?
CHAPTER OUTLINE
AB
I. Introduction
• Ask students to write down three ideas they immediately think of when they hear the
term crime. Have them read out their responses and lead a discussion about the diversity
of the responses.
• Many people accept the fictional (or fictionalized) view of crime that is presented by the
media in crime-related entertainment (not only primetime television programs but also
reality programs, news programs, and newspaper content). Explain that the needs of the
media often influence or distort the images and information; the mass media often focus
on unusual circumstances rather than presenting more typical images of crime.
• Ask students if they regularly watch any of today’s numerous crime-related television
shows. Then lead a discussion comparing the reality of crime and criminal justice with
the media representation.
• Ask students whether a random act of violence has recently occurred in their community.
You can also ask about an event they might have heard about recently on the news or
2
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction | 10th Edition
by Frank Schmalleger
ST
U
D
YL
AB
, Table of Content
Chapter 1: What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From? From Idea to Evidence
Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences
Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior: It’s What We Are
Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives: Interaction is Key
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories: It’s How We Live
Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development: It’s What We Learn
Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories: It’s How We Relate
ST
Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization: It’s Personal
Chapter 11: Crimes against Persons: It’s What We Fear
Chapter 12: Crimes against Property: It’s What We Lose
U
Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime: Crime as a Job
Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes: Recreational Offenses
D
Chapter 15: Technology and Crime: It’s a Double-Edged Sword
Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism: Our Small World
YL
AB
, KJHGFDSA
Chapter 1
What Is Criminology?
Understanding Crime and Criminals
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 introduces the textbook and to the field of criminology. Crime can be defined in a
variety of ways; the four main definitional perspectives see crime from the legalistic, political,
sociological, and psychological viewpoints. The text uses a legalistic approach, which sees crime
as “human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local
jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws.” This approach does have some limitations,
ST
however, some of which may be addressed by the other perspectives on crime.
Many crimes are forms of deviant behavior, human activity that violates social norms;
however, not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant behavior is criminal. There is also a
significant difference between what is crime and what should be criminal. The consensus
perspective holds that a law should be enacted to criminalize a certain behavior when the
members of a society generally agree that such a law is necessary. However, in a multicultural
U
society, consensus may be difficult to achieve. The diversity of society is recognized in the
pluralist perspective, which suggests that behaviors typically are criminalized through a political
process after debate over the appropriate course of action.
D
The field of criminology itself is discussed in detail, with various definitions considered.
While criminology is primarily a social science, it is interdisciplinary. It contributes to, and
overlaps, the field of criminal justice. A criminologist is one who studies crime, criminals, and
criminal behavior; the term applies primarily to academics, researchers, and policy analysts with
YL
advanced degrees who are involved in the study of crime and crime trends and in the analysis of
societal reactions to crime. Criminalists collect and examine physical evidence of crimes, while
criminal justice professionals do the daily work of the criminal justice system. There are many
professional opportunities for individuals with degrees in criminology.
One subfield is theoretical criminology, which posits explanations for criminal behavior.
There are many different theories of crime. General theories attempt to explain all (or most)
AB
forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. An integrated theory does not
necessarily attempt to explain all criminality but merges concepts drawn from different sources.
Evidence-based criminology or knowledge-based criminology involves the use of rigorous
scientific techniques to develop knowledge in the field of criminology. It is focusing on the
creation of a body of scientific evidence that is applicable to modern social problems and
realities.
Criminological theorizing has as its ultimate goal the development of meaningful social
policies based on scientific evidence. Translational criminology involves translating
criminological research results into workable social policy. Translating research into practice is
often difficult, even with solid evidence to support policy innovations. For example, despite
widespread concern among professional groups about the effect of the media on teenage violence,
policymakers have been reluctant to curtail the production of violent media. Essentially there is a
conflict between crime reduction policies and the profit motives of media vendors.
The social policy theme of the text is presented through a contrast of the two main
perspectives popular in today’s society: the social problems perspective and the individual
1
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, KJHGFDSA
responsibility perspective. Recently the individual responsibility perspective has had a substantial
influence on national crime control policy.
Crime does not occur in a vacuum; every crime has a unique set of causes, consequences, and
participants. Crime is seen as a social event rather than an isolated individual activity. The
criminal event is the result of the coming together of inputs provided by the offender, the criminal
justice system, the victim, and the general public (society). Background and foreground features
or inputs provided by each contributor are discussed. In addition, each crime has consequences,
or outputs, which affect not only the victim and offender but also society and the criminal justice
system. These consequences may be immediate or more long-term.
The text recognizes the primacy of sociology: the belief that the primary perspective from
which many contemporary criminologists operate is a sociological one. However, not all
criminologists agree with this perspective and new and emerging perspectives are being
developed.
ST
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After reading this chapter, students should be able to answer the following questions:
1. What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has chosen to use?
2. What is deviance? How are crime and deviance similar? How do they differ?
3. Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
U
4. What is criminology? What are its many roots?
5. What do criminologists do?
6. What is evidence-based criminology? How does it complement theoretical criminology?
D
7. How does criminology, and especially criminological research, influence social policy? What
is translational criminology?
8. What is the theme of this chapter? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it build?
YL
9. What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
10. What social science has traditionally provided a central theoretical basis for criminology?
Why?
CHAPTER OUTLINE
AB
I. Introduction
• Ask students to write down three ideas they immediately think of when they hear the
term crime. Have them read out their responses and lead a discussion about the diversity
of the responses.
• Many people accept the fictional (or fictionalized) view of crime that is presented by the
media in crime-related entertainment (not only primetime television programs but also
reality programs, news programs, and newspaper content). Explain that the needs of the
media often influence or distort the images and information; the mass media often focus
on unusual circumstances rather than presenting more typical images of crime.
• Ask students if they regularly watch any of today’s numerous crime-related television
shows. Then lead a discussion comparing the reality of crime and criminal justice with
the media representation.
• Ask students whether a random act of violence has recently occurred in their community.
You can also ask about an event they might have heard about recently on the news or
2
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
