212 Pathophysiology Final Exam
Comprehensive Study Guide + Exam
Questions & Solutions Graded A+A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
• Proctored Exam Assistance
• Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
• Exam Preparation & Study Materials
• Assignments and Coursework Support
• Essay and Research Paper Writing
• Discussion Posts & Responses
• Editing and Proofreading
• Confidential Academic Consultation
Contact Information
Email:
WhatsApp link: https://wa.me/254704846336
Fast Response | Confidential | Reliable Academic
Support
Helping Students Achieve Academic Excellence
,Aetiology - Answer: Causative factors (genetic, acquired, multifactorial)
Idiopathic - cause of disease unknown
Iatrogenic - treatment procedure has caused the disease
Pathogenesis - Answer: sequence of events at cellular/tissue level from
initial aetiologic event
Morphology - Answer: morphological changes relating to cell/tissue
characteristic of disease
Manifestations of disease (4) - Answer: Symptoms (noted by sufferer),
Signs (noted by observer)
Epidemiology - tracks patterns and occurrences of disease
Prevalence - number of cases present at a specific time
Incidence - number of new cases within a period
Disease characteristics (3) - Answer: Acute - sudden
Chronic - milder but long term
Subclinical state - pathological changes but no manifestations
Stages of disease (3) - Answer: Latent (no clinical signs) --> Prodromal (early
development) --> Disease
Course / progression terms (4) - Answer: Remission
Exacerbation
,Precipitating factor - condition that triggers an acute episode
Complications
Treatment + recovery terms (5) - Answer: Sequelae - a condition which is
the consequence of a previous disease
Convalescence - period of recovery
Prognosis - probability of recovery
Morbidity - disease rates
Mortality - death rates
5 main disciplines of pathology - Answer: Histopathology
Haematology - primary diseases of the blood, and effects of other diseases
on the blood
Chemical pathology - biochemical abnormalities in blood, urine, other
tissues
Microbiology - isolating, identifying, treating infections (bacteria, fungi,
viruses, parasites)
Immunopathology
Common diagnostic tests (6) - Answer: Imaging technology / radiography
CT scan
Ultrasonography
MRI
Nuclear scanning
, Endoscopy - gastroscopy or colonoscopy
Pressures (2) - Answer: Hydrostatic pressure: Pushes fluid out of the vessels
via pressure exerted by the weight of the fluid itself.
Osmotic pressure: Pulling fluid into the vessels via osmotic pull of solutes
(often colloids) within the vessels.
Oedema causes (3) - Answer: Decreased albumin (a type of plasma colloid)
decreases the osmotic pressure, meaning fluid is unable to re-enter the
vessels.
Decreased heart function/pumping --> intravascular fluid builds up in the
vessels increasing hydrostatic pressure, pushing fluids out
Increased vessel permeability caused by injury/immune responses --> fluid
leaves vessels
Oedema Impacts (3) - Answer: Fluid accumulates in the interstitial space
Swelling
Impeded vascularisation --> skin deterioration, slower wound healing
Comprehensive Study Guide + Exam
Questions & Solutions Graded A+A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
• Proctored Exam Assistance
• Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
• Exam Preparation & Study Materials
• Assignments and Coursework Support
• Essay and Research Paper Writing
• Discussion Posts & Responses
• Editing and Proofreading
• Confidential Academic Consultation
Contact Information
Email:
WhatsApp link: https://wa.me/254704846336
Fast Response | Confidential | Reliable Academic
Support
Helping Students Achieve Academic Excellence
,Aetiology - Answer: Causative factors (genetic, acquired, multifactorial)
Idiopathic - cause of disease unknown
Iatrogenic - treatment procedure has caused the disease
Pathogenesis - Answer: sequence of events at cellular/tissue level from
initial aetiologic event
Morphology - Answer: morphological changes relating to cell/tissue
characteristic of disease
Manifestations of disease (4) - Answer: Symptoms (noted by sufferer),
Signs (noted by observer)
Epidemiology - tracks patterns and occurrences of disease
Prevalence - number of cases present at a specific time
Incidence - number of new cases within a period
Disease characteristics (3) - Answer: Acute - sudden
Chronic - milder but long term
Subclinical state - pathological changes but no manifestations
Stages of disease (3) - Answer: Latent (no clinical signs) --> Prodromal (early
development) --> Disease
Course / progression terms (4) - Answer: Remission
Exacerbation
,Precipitating factor - condition that triggers an acute episode
Complications
Treatment + recovery terms (5) - Answer: Sequelae - a condition which is
the consequence of a previous disease
Convalescence - period of recovery
Prognosis - probability of recovery
Morbidity - disease rates
Mortality - death rates
5 main disciplines of pathology - Answer: Histopathology
Haematology - primary diseases of the blood, and effects of other diseases
on the blood
Chemical pathology - biochemical abnormalities in blood, urine, other
tissues
Microbiology - isolating, identifying, treating infections (bacteria, fungi,
viruses, parasites)
Immunopathology
Common diagnostic tests (6) - Answer: Imaging technology / radiography
CT scan
Ultrasonography
MRI
Nuclear scanning
, Endoscopy - gastroscopy or colonoscopy
Pressures (2) - Answer: Hydrostatic pressure: Pushes fluid out of the vessels
via pressure exerted by the weight of the fluid itself.
Osmotic pressure: Pulling fluid into the vessels via osmotic pull of solutes
(often colloids) within the vessels.
Oedema causes (3) - Answer: Decreased albumin (a type of plasma colloid)
decreases the osmotic pressure, meaning fluid is unable to re-enter the
vessels.
Decreased heart function/pumping --> intravascular fluid builds up in the
vessels increasing hydrostatic pressure, pushing fluids out
Increased vessel permeability caused by injury/immune responses --> fluid
leaves vessels
Oedema Impacts (3) - Answer: Fluid accumulates in the interstitial space
Swelling
Impeded vascularisation --> skin deterioration, slower wound healing
