UNISA HREDU82 Research Project in Education Exam — 2026/2027
UNISA HREDU82 RESEARCH PROJECT IN EDUCATION EXAM — 2026/2027
This examination consists of 75 questions covering ten core domains of educational research. The
recommended time allocation is 120–180 minutes. A minimum score of 50% (38 out of 75 correct) is
required to pass. Questions include single-best-answer multiple-choice items (MCQs), Select All That Apply
(SATA) items, ordered-response sequencing items, and scenario-based application items. All questions are
based on standard educational research methodology textbooks, including Creswell (2014), Mouton (2001),
Maree (2016), and relevant South African educational research policies and ethical guidelines. Please read
each question carefully before selecting your answer(s).
Domain 1: Research Paradigms and Philosophies
Q1. Which research paradigm is MOST appropriate for a study exploring the lived experiences
of teachers implementing inclusive education policies in South African township schools?
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Critical Theory
D. Post-Positivism
Correct Answer: B. Interpretivism
Rationale: Interpretivism focuses on understanding subjective meanings and lived experiences through
participant perspectives. Positivism (A) emphasises objective measurement and hypothesis testing, making
it unsuitable for exploring personal experiences. Critical Theory (C) aims to transform oppressive social
structures rather than understand lived experiences. Post-Positivism (D) acknowledges some subjectivity
but still prioritises empirical measurement and testing, which does not align with phenomenological
exploration.
Q2. A researcher believes that there is a single, objective reality that can be measured and
quantified through standardised instruments. Which paradigm BEST reflects this view?
A. Constructivism
B. Transformative Paradigm
C. Positivism
D. Pragmatism
Correct Answer: C. Positivism
Rationale: Positivism holds that reality is objective, external to the researcher, and can be measured
through quantitative methods. Constructivism (A) posits multiple, subjective realities constructed by
individuals. The Transformative Paradigm (B) focuses on power inequities and social justice rather than a
single reality. Pragmatism (C) is concerned with what works practically and does not commit to a singular
view of reality.
Q3. Which research paradigm is primarily concerned with uncovering power imbalances,
challenging the status quo, and promoting social justice and emancipation?
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Constructivism
D. Critical Theory
Correct Answer: D. Critical Theory
Rationale: Critical Theory is rooted in the works of Marx, Habermas, and Freire and aims to critique and
transform society by exposing power structures and promoting emancipation. Positivism (A) focuses on
objective measurement without social critique. Interpretivism (B) seeks to understand subjective meanings
rather than challenge power structures. Constructivism (C) emphasises how individuals co-construct
knowledge but is not inherently emancipatory.
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, UNISA HREDU82 Research Project in Education Exam — 2026/2027
Q4. In the context of research philosophy, ontology refers to:
A. The nature of knowledge and how we know what we know
B. The nature of reality and what exists
C. The systematic rules for conducting research
D. The ethical principles guiding researcher conduct
Correct Answer: B. The nature of reality and what exists
Rationale: Ontology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of reality and existence.
Epistemology (A) deals with the nature of knowledge, not reality. Methodology (C) refers to the systematic
approach and rules for conducting research. Ethics (D) addresses moral principles guiding research
conduct, which is a separate concern from ontology.
Q5. A postgraduate student asks, 'How can I be certain that my findings about teacher
motivation truly represent what teachers experience?' This question is fundamentally about:
A. Ontology
B. Axiology
C. Epistemology
D. Methodology
Correct Answer: C. Epistemology
Rationale: Epistemology concerns the nature, sources, and validity of knowledge — including how we can
know or justify what we claim to know. The student's question about certainty and representation of
experiences is an epistemological concern. Ontology (A) addresses the nature of reality itself. Axiology (B)
deals with values and ethics. Methodology (D) is about the methods used, not the philosophical justification
of knowledge.
Q6. Which of the following are key characteristics of Pragmatism as a research paradigm?
(Select all that apply) (Select all that apply)
A. It rejects the forced choice between quantitative and qualitative approaches
B. It is primarily focused on abstract theoretical frameworks
C. It emphasises solving practical problems through research
D. It uses the research question to determine the most appropriate method
Correct Answer: A, C, D
Rationale: Pragmatism, associated with Dewey, Peirce, and James, focuses on practical outcomes and
problem-solving (C). It does not restrict researchers to one method, endorsing mixed methods based on
what the research question demands (A, D). It is NOT primarily concerned with abstract theory (B) —
pragmatists value real-world application and what works over philosophical purity.
Q7. Dr. Nkosi wants to investigate whether a new reading intervention programme improves
literacy outcomes in Grade 3 learners across Gauteng province. She plans to use standardised
test scores before and after the intervention. Which paradigm-methodology combination is
MOST appropriate?
A. Interpretivism — Phenomenology
B. Critical Theory — Participatory Action Research
C. Positivism — Experimental Research
D. Constructivism — Narrative Inquiry
Correct Answer: C. Positivism — Experimental Research
Rationale: The study aims to measure objective outcomes (test scores) from an intervention using
standardised instruments, which aligns with Positivism's belief in an objective, measurable reality.
Experimental research is the appropriate methodology for testing causal effects of interventions.
Interpretivism (A) and Constructivism (D) focus on subjective experiences and meaning-making, not
standardised test outcomes. Critical Theory (B) seeks emancipation rather than measuring intervention
effectiveness through test scores.
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, UNISA HREDU82 Research Project in Education Exam — 2026/2027
Domain 2: Research Proposal Development
Q8. What is the PRIMARY purpose of a problem statement in a research proposal?
A. To list all the variables to be studied
B. To identify the research gap and justify why the study is needed
C. To present the detailed methodology
D. To provide a comprehensive literature review summary
Correct Answer: B. To identify the research gap and justify why the study is needed
Rationale: A problem statement articulates the specific issue, gap, or concern that the research intends to
address, establishing the justification for the study. Listing variables (A) is part of the conceptual
framework, not the problem statement. Detailed methodology (C) appears in a separate section. Literature
review summary (D) is found in the literature review chapter, not the problem statement.
Q9. What is the KEY difference between a research question and a hypothesis?
A. A research question is qualitative while a hypothesis is quantitative
B. A research question asks what is unknown; a hypothesis predicts an expected outcome
C. A hypothesis is broader than a research question
D. Research questions are used in proposals; hypotheses are used in reports
Correct Answer: B. A research question asks what is unknown; a hypothesis predicts an
expected outcome
Rationale: A research question identifies the phenomenon the researcher seeks to investigate, whereas a
hypothesis is a declarative statement predicting the relationship between variables. Research questions are
not exclusively qualitative (A) — they appear in both paradigms. A hypothesis is more specific, not broader,
than a research question (C). Both are used throughout the research process, not confined to proposals or
reports (D).
Q10. A researcher formulates the following objective: 'To understand the factors affecting
learner performance.' Which criterion does this objective FAIL to meet?
A. Specificity
B. Relevance
C. Feasibility
D. Ethical soundness
Correct Answer: A. Specificity
Rationale: The objective is vague — it does not specify which factors, which learners, or what context.
SMART criteria require objectives to be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. This
objective is too broad to be specific. Relevance (B), feasibility (C), and ethical soundness (D) are not
violated, but specificity is clearly lacking because the objective does not narrow the scope of investigation.
Q11. Which of the following components should be included in the 'Significance of the Study'
section of a research proposal? (Select all that apply) (Select all that apply)
A. Potential contributions to theory and knowledge in the field
B. Practical implications for policymakers and practitioners
C. A detailed list of all data collection instruments
D. Identification of the gap in current literature the study addresses
Correct Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: The significance section explains why the study matters, including theoretical contributions
(A), practical value for stakeholders like educators and policymakers (B), and how it fills an identified
literature gap (D). A detailed list of data collection instruments (C) belongs in the methodology section, not
in the significance section.
Q12. What is the difference between delimitations and limitations in a research study?
A. Delimitations are weaknesses; limitations are strengths
Page 3
UNISA HREDU82 RESEARCH PROJECT IN EDUCATION EXAM — 2026/2027
This examination consists of 75 questions covering ten core domains of educational research. The
recommended time allocation is 120–180 minutes. A minimum score of 50% (38 out of 75 correct) is
required to pass. Questions include single-best-answer multiple-choice items (MCQs), Select All That Apply
(SATA) items, ordered-response sequencing items, and scenario-based application items. All questions are
based on standard educational research methodology textbooks, including Creswell (2014), Mouton (2001),
Maree (2016), and relevant South African educational research policies and ethical guidelines. Please read
each question carefully before selecting your answer(s).
Domain 1: Research Paradigms and Philosophies
Q1. Which research paradigm is MOST appropriate for a study exploring the lived experiences
of teachers implementing inclusive education policies in South African township schools?
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Critical Theory
D. Post-Positivism
Correct Answer: B. Interpretivism
Rationale: Interpretivism focuses on understanding subjective meanings and lived experiences through
participant perspectives. Positivism (A) emphasises objective measurement and hypothesis testing, making
it unsuitable for exploring personal experiences. Critical Theory (C) aims to transform oppressive social
structures rather than understand lived experiences. Post-Positivism (D) acknowledges some subjectivity
but still prioritises empirical measurement and testing, which does not align with phenomenological
exploration.
Q2. A researcher believes that there is a single, objective reality that can be measured and
quantified through standardised instruments. Which paradigm BEST reflects this view?
A. Constructivism
B. Transformative Paradigm
C. Positivism
D. Pragmatism
Correct Answer: C. Positivism
Rationale: Positivism holds that reality is objective, external to the researcher, and can be measured
through quantitative methods. Constructivism (A) posits multiple, subjective realities constructed by
individuals. The Transformative Paradigm (B) focuses on power inequities and social justice rather than a
single reality. Pragmatism (C) is concerned with what works practically and does not commit to a singular
view of reality.
Q3. Which research paradigm is primarily concerned with uncovering power imbalances,
challenging the status quo, and promoting social justice and emancipation?
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Constructivism
D. Critical Theory
Correct Answer: D. Critical Theory
Rationale: Critical Theory is rooted in the works of Marx, Habermas, and Freire and aims to critique and
transform society by exposing power structures and promoting emancipation. Positivism (A) focuses on
objective measurement without social critique. Interpretivism (B) seeks to understand subjective meanings
rather than challenge power structures. Constructivism (C) emphasises how individuals co-construct
knowledge but is not inherently emancipatory.
Page 1
, UNISA HREDU82 Research Project in Education Exam — 2026/2027
Q4. In the context of research philosophy, ontology refers to:
A. The nature of knowledge and how we know what we know
B. The nature of reality and what exists
C. The systematic rules for conducting research
D. The ethical principles guiding researcher conduct
Correct Answer: B. The nature of reality and what exists
Rationale: Ontology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of reality and existence.
Epistemology (A) deals with the nature of knowledge, not reality. Methodology (C) refers to the systematic
approach and rules for conducting research. Ethics (D) addresses moral principles guiding research
conduct, which is a separate concern from ontology.
Q5. A postgraduate student asks, 'How can I be certain that my findings about teacher
motivation truly represent what teachers experience?' This question is fundamentally about:
A. Ontology
B. Axiology
C. Epistemology
D. Methodology
Correct Answer: C. Epistemology
Rationale: Epistemology concerns the nature, sources, and validity of knowledge — including how we can
know or justify what we claim to know. The student's question about certainty and representation of
experiences is an epistemological concern. Ontology (A) addresses the nature of reality itself. Axiology (B)
deals with values and ethics. Methodology (D) is about the methods used, not the philosophical justification
of knowledge.
Q6. Which of the following are key characteristics of Pragmatism as a research paradigm?
(Select all that apply) (Select all that apply)
A. It rejects the forced choice between quantitative and qualitative approaches
B. It is primarily focused on abstract theoretical frameworks
C. It emphasises solving practical problems through research
D. It uses the research question to determine the most appropriate method
Correct Answer: A, C, D
Rationale: Pragmatism, associated with Dewey, Peirce, and James, focuses on practical outcomes and
problem-solving (C). It does not restrict researchers to one method, endorsing mixed methods based on
what the research question demands (A, D). It is NOT primarily concerned with abstract theory (B) —
pragmatists value real-world application and what works over philosophical purity.
Q7. Dr. Nkosi wants to investigate whether a new reading intervention programme improves
literacy outcomes in Grade 3 learners across Gauteng province. She plans to use standardised
test scores before and after the intervention. Which paradigm-methodology combination is
MOST appropriate?
A. Interpretivism — Phenomenology
B. Critical Theory — Participatory Action Research
C. Positivism — Experimental Research
D. Constructivism — Narrative Inquiry
Correct Answer: C. Positivism — Experimental Research
Rationale: The study aims to measure objective outcomes (test scores) from an intervention using
standardised instruments, which aligns with Positivism's belief in an objective, measurable reality.
Experimental research is the appropriate methodology for testing causal effects of interventions.
Interpretivism (A) and Constructivism (D) focus on subjective experiences and meaning-making, not
standardised test outcomes. Critical Theory (B) seeks emancipation rather than measuring intervention
effectiveness through test scores.
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, UNISA HREDU82 Research Project in Education Exam — 2026/2027
Domain 2: Research Proposal Development
Q8. What is the PRIMARY purpose of a problem statement in a research proposal?
A. To list all the variables to be studied
B. To identify the research gap and justify why the study is needed
C. To present the detailed methodology
D. To provide a comprehensive literature review summary
Correct Answer: B. To identify the research gap and justify why the study is needed
Rationale: A problem statement articulates the specific issue, gap, or concern that the research intends to
address, establishing the justification for the study. Listing variables (A) is part of the conceptual
framework, not the problem statement. Detailed methodology (C) appears in a separate section. Literature
review summary (D) is found in the literature review chapter, not the problem statement.
Q9. What is the KEY difference between a research question and a hypothesis?
A. A research question is qualitative while a hypothesis is quantitative
B. A research question asks what is unknown; a hypothesis predicts an expected outcome
C. A hypothesis is broader than a research question
D. Research questions are used in proposals; hypotheses are used in reports
Correct Answer: B. A research question asks what is unknown; a hypothesis predicts an
expected outcome
Rationale: A research question identifies the phenomenon the researcher seeks to investigate, whereas a
hypothesis is a declarative statement predicting the relationship between variables. Research questions are
not exclusively qualitative (A) — they appear in both paradigms. A hypothesis is more specific, not broader,
than a research question (C). Both are used throughout the research process, not confined to proposals or
reports (D).
Q10. A researcher formulates the following objective: 'To understand the factors affecting
learner performance.' Which criterion does this objective FAIL to meet?
A. Specificity
B. Relevance
C. Feasibility
D. Ethical soundness
Correct Answer: A. Specificity
Rationale: The objective is vague — it does not specify which factors, which learners, or what context.
SMART criteria require objectives to be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. This
objective is too broad to be specific. Relevance (B), feasibility (C), and ethical soundness (D) are not
violated, but specificity is clearly lacking because the objective does not narrow the scope of investigation.
Q11. Which of the following components should be included in the 'Significance of the Study'
section of a research proposal? (Select all that apply) (Select all that apply)
A. Potential contributions to theory and knowledge in the field
B. Practical implications for policymakers and practitioners
C. A detailed list of all data collection instruments
D. Identification of the gap in current literature the study addresses
Correct Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: The significance section explains why the study matters, including theoretical contributions
(A), practical value for stakeholders like educators and policymakers (B), and how it fills an identified
literature gap (D). A detailed list of data collection instruments (C) belongs in the methodology section, not
in the significance section.
Q12. What is the difference between delimitations and limitations in a research study?
A. Delimitations are weaknesses; limitations are strengths
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