Neurobiology Exam 4 With Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026
color-opponent cells - (answer)P cells and nonM-nonP are sensitive to differences in wavelength of light
(color)
In color-opponent cells, one color is cancelled by? - (answer)A different color in the surround
types of color opponent cells - (answer)Red vs Green
Blue vs Yellow
ipRGCs (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells) - (answer)-A few thousand ganglion cells
-Melanopsin Photopigment (discovered in frog skin)
-Depolarize to light
-Large receptive field
-Important for synchronizing behavior to daily changes in light level (circadian rhythms)
parallel processing - (answer)-Simultaneous input from two eyes
-Input from eyes compared in cortex (determines depth and distance of object)
-Information about light and dark: ON-center and OFF-center ganglion cells
-Different receptive fields and response properties of retinal ganglion cells: M and P cells, and nonM-
nonP cells
retinofugal projection - (answer)Retina (not part of RP) --> optic nerve, --> optic chiasm --> optic tract
Optic Chiasm - (answer)named for Chi X
Decussation: nasal axons cross
,Neurobiology Exam 4 With Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026
Projection of an object in the left hemivisual field to the retina in both eyes and through the retinofungal
pathway - (answer)Left Eye: Peripheral Left Visual Hemifield--> Left Optic Nerve --> Optic Chiasm -->
Right Optic Tract
Right Eye: Binocular Left Visual Hemifield --> Right Optic Nerve --> Optic Chiasm --> Right Optic Tract
Ganglion cell axons from nasal retina - (answer)Cross in Optic Chiasm
Temporal Axons - (answer)Do not cross in Optic Chiasm
Pathway from the optic tract to cortex - (answer)Optic Tract --> Optic Radiation (LGN --> Primary Visual
Cortex)
Most RGC axons terminante in - (answer)The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Left hemifield projects to - (answer)right side of the brain (and vice versa)
What Visual Deficit occurs when you cut the Left Optic Nerve? - (answer)Loss of Left Peripheral Vision
What Visual Deficit occurs when you cut the Left Optic Tract? - (answer)Loss of Vision in the Right
Hemivisual field
What Visual Deficit occurs when you cut the when you cut the Optic Chiasm? - (answer)Loss of
Peripheral Vision
Nonthalamic Targets of Optic Tract - (answer)hypothalamus, midbrain/pretectum, superior colliculus
, Neurobiology Exam 4 With Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026
Hypothalamus - (answer)Role in biological rhythms, including sleep and wakefulness
Midbrain/Pretectum - (answer)-10% RGC axons project to this area
-Controls size of the pupil and certain types of eye movement
-Superior Colliculus
Superior Colliculus - (answer)Orients the eyes in response to new stimuli -- move fovea to objects of
interest
-Called optic tectum in nonmammalian vertebrates
- --> retinotectal projection
Retinal Inputs to the LGN Layers - (answer)-Labeled Ventral (1)-->Dorasal (5)
-6 pancakes wrapped around optic tract
Organization of the LGN - (answer)-Inputs segregated by eye and ganglion cell type
LGN layers 3-6 - (answer)-parvocellular (small) LGN cell type
LGN layers 1-2 - (answer)Magnocellular (large) LGN cell type
LGN Layers K1-K6 - (answer)Koniocellular (Tiny) LGN Cell type
How does the LGN mirror the Retina? - (answer)Receptive fields of LGN neurons are almost identical to
the ganglion cells that feed them
2026
color-opponent cells - (answer)P cells and nonM-nonP are sensitive to differences in wavelength of light
(color)
In color-opponent cells, one color is cancelled by? - (answer)A different color in the surround
types of color opponent cells - (answer)Red vs Green
Blue vs Yellow
ipRGCs (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells) - (answer)-A few thousand ganglion cells
-Melanopsin Photopigment (discovered in frog skin)
-Depolarize to light
-Large receptive field
-Important for synchronizing behavior to daily changes in light level (circadian rhythms)
parallel processing - (answer)-Simultaneous input from two eyes
-Input from eyes compared in cortex (determines depth and distance of object)
-Information about light and dark: ON-center and OFF-center ganglion cells
-Different receptive fields and response properties of retinal ganglion cells: M and P cells, and nonM-
nonP cells
retinofugal projection - (answer)Retina (not part of RP) --> optic nerve, --> optic chiasm --> optic tract
Optic Chiasm - (answer)named for Chi X
Decussation: nasal axons cross
,Neurobiology Exam 4 With Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026
Projection of an object in the left hemivisual field to the retina in both eyes and through the retinofungal
pathway - (answer)Left Eye: Peripheral Left Visual Hemifield--> Left Optic Nerve --> Optic Chiasm -->
Right Optic Tract
Right Eye: Binocular Left Visual Hemifield --> Right Optic Nerve --> Optic Chiasm --> Right Optic Tract
Ganglion cell axons from nasal retina - (answer)Cross in Optic Chiasm
Temporal Axons - (answer)Do not cross in Optic Chiasm
Pathway from the optic tract to cortex - (answer)Optic Tract --> Optic Radiation (LGN --> Primary Visual
Cortex)
Most RGC axons terminante in - (answer)The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Left hemifield projects to - (answer)right side of the brain (and vice versa)
What Visual Deficit occurs when you cut the Left Optic Nerve? - (answer)Loss of Left Peripheral Vision
What Visual Deficit occurs when you cut the Left Optic Tract? - (answer)Loss of Vision in the Right
Hemivisual field
What Visual Deficit occurs when you cut the when you cut the Optic Chiasm? - (answer)Loss of
Peripheral Vision
Nonthalamic Targets of Optic Tract - (answer)hypothalamus, midbrain/pretectum, superior colliculus
, Neurobiology Exam 4 With Questions And Answers Latest Update
2026
Hypothalamus - (answer)Role in biological rhythms, including sleep and wakefulness
Midbrain/Pretectum - (answer)-10% RGC axons project to this area
-Controls size of the pupil and certain types of eye movement
-Superior Colliculus
Superior Colliculus - (answer)Orients the eyes in response to new stimuli -- move fovea to objects of
interest
-Called optic tectum in nonmammalian vertebrates
- --> retinotectal projection
Retinal Inputs to the LGN Layers - (answer)-Labeled Ventral (1)-->Dorasal (5)
-6 pancakes wrapped around optic tract
Organization of the LGN - (answer)-Inputs segregated by eye and ganglion cell type
LGN layers 3-6 - (answer)-parvocellular (small) LGN cell type
LGN layers 1-2 - (answer)Magnocellular (large) LGN cell type
LGN Layers K1-K6 - (answer)Koniocellular (Tiny) LGN Cell type
How does the LGN mirror the Retina? - (answer)Receptive fields of LGN neurons are almost identical to
the ganglion cells that feed them
