NUR 2063 / NUR2063: ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 2 REVIEW STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the three stages of AKI presentation?
- Prodromal
- Oliguric
- post-oliguric
Causes of chronic kidney disease
- Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons.
- Due to kidney not recovering
• Can lead up to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis
Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Recurrent pyelonephritis
- Polycystic kidney disease
- History of exposure to toxins
- Age over 65
- Ethnicity (African American male higher risk)
,complications of chronic kidney disease
- hypertension and cardiovascular disease
- uremic syndrome
- metabolic acidosis
- electrolyte imbalances
- bone and mineral disorders
- malnutrition
- anemia
- pain
- depression
Hypertension and cardiovascular disease
- (increased blood volume) Hypervolemia, escalated atherosclerotic process
Uremic Syndrome
- Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste
Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost
(itching & discomfort)
. Metabolic acidosis
- Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia
Electrolyte Imbalances
,- Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium
Bone and mineral disorders
Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism.
Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body)
Malnutrition
- Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (Decreased salt, protein and
potassium)
Anemia
- Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life
Pain
- Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities
Depression
- Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interactions and relationships
Urge Incontinence
- Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine
, If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder
Stress Incontinence
- Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in
intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with
coughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects)
Neurogenic bladder
From a disruption of nervous communication that controls micturition.
Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries.
Functional Incontinence
- Secondary to physical or environmental limitations such as not getting to the toilet in
time.
Mixed Incontinence
- A combination of both stress and urge incontinence
More common in elderly women
Overflow Incontinence
EXAM 2 REVIEW STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the three stages of AKI presentation?
- Prodromal
- Oliguric
- post-oliguric
Causes of chronic kidney disease
- Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons.
- Due to kidney not recovering
• Can lead up to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis
Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Recurrent pyelonephritis
- Polycystic kidney disease
- History of exposure to toxins
- Age over 65
- Ethnicity (African American male higher risk)
,complications of chronic kidney disease
- hypertension and cardiovascular disease
- uremic syndrome
- metabolic acidosis
- electrolyte imbalances
- bone and mineral disorders
- malnutrition
- anemia
- pain
- depression
Hypertension and cardiovascular disease
- (increased blood volume) Hypervolemia, escalated atherosclerotic process
Uremic Syndrome
- Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste
Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost
(itching & discomfort)
. Metabolic acidosis
- Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia
Electrolyte Imbalances
,- Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium
Bone and mineral disorders
Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism.
Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body)
Malnutrition
- Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (Decreased salt, protein and
potassium)
Anemia
- Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life
Pain
- Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities
Depression
- Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interactions and relationships
Urge Incontinence
- Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine
, If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder
Stress Incontinence
- Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in
intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with
coughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects)
Neurogenic bladder
From a disruption of nervous communication that controls micturition.
Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries.
Functional Incontinence
- Secondary to physical or environmental limitations such as not getting to the toilet in
time.
Mixed Incontinence
- A combination of both stress and urge incontinence
More common in elderly women
Overflow Incontinence
