PGY 451_551 RENAL PHYSIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW
Kidney functions - Answers - A - controlling ACID-base balance (blood pH levels)
W - controlling WATER balance.
E - maintaining ELECTROLYTE balance (maintenance of ion balance in body fluids)
T - removing TOXINS and waste products from the body (e.g. excretion of end products
of muscle metabolism)
B - controlling BLOOD PRESSURE & OSMOLARITY
E - producing the hormone ERYTHROPOIETIN.
D - activating vitamin D
Diuretics - Answers - medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to
rid the body of excess water and salt
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Answers - hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland to prevent the kidneys from expelling too much water
low ADH levels - Answers - produce dilute urine and reduced volume of body fluids
high ADH levels - Answers - produce concentrated urine
ADH is also known as - Answers - vasopressin
vasoconstriction - Answers - narrowing of the blood vessels that allows for decreased
blood flow, but increased blood pressure
vasodilation - Answers - widening of the blood vessels that allows for increased blood
flow, but decreased blood pressure
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - Answers - an enzyme that converts angiotensin
I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - Answers - lower blood pressure by
inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent
vasoconstrictor)
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) - Answers - Lower blood pressure by blocking
the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
Adrenergic Blockers - Answers - Lower blood pressure by blocking the effects of
adrenergic neurotransmitters
Cardiac output formula - Answers - heart rate x stroke volume
, How does the concentration of sodium affect the cardiac output and blood pressure? -
Answers - If the sodium concentrations rise, then the cardiac output will increase. When
the cardiac output increases, the blood pressure will rise significantly. As a result, there
will be less water absorption and more sodium absorption.
What is the long-term determinant of blood pressure? - Answers - Cardiac output
What is the long-term determinant of cardiac output? - Answers - The concentration of
sodium
Renin - Answers - hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by
influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
(T/F): The amount of water excreted by the kidneys is always more than the amount of
sodium excreted by the kidneys. - Answers - True
Intracellular fluid compartment - Answers - the fluid located inside your cells
Extracellular fluid compartment - Answers - Fluid outside cells; includes plasma and
interstitial fluid
How much of body weight is water? - Answers - 60%
How much of the body's water is intracellular? - Answers - 2/3
How much of the body's water is extracellular? - Answers - 1/3
What is the approximate volume of plasma? - Answers - between 2.5 to 3 liters
What percentage of the body's weight is intracellular fluid volume? - Answers - 40%
What percentage of the body's weight is extracellular fluid volume? - Answers - 20%
What percentage of interstitial fluid accounts for the extracellular fluid compartment? -
Answers - 80%
What percentage of plasma accounts for the extracellular fluid compartment? - Answers
- 20%
In plasma, is the concentration of Na+ high or low? - Answers - High
In interstitial fluid, is the concentration of Na+ high or low? - Answers - High
In intracellular fluid, is the concentration of Na+ high or low? - Answers - Low
In plasma, is the concentration of Cl- high or low? - Answers - High
Kidney functions - Answers - A - controlling ACID-base balance (blood pH levels)
W - controlling WATER balance.
E - maintaining ELECTROLYTE balance (maintenance of ion balance in body fluids)
T - removing TOXINS and waste products from the body (e.g. excretion of end products
of muscle metabolism)
B - controlling BLOOD PRESSURE & OSMOLARITY
E - producing the hormone ERYTHROPOIETIN.
D - activating vitamin D
Diuretics - Answers - medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to
rid the body of excess water and salt
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Answers - hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland to prevent the kidneys from expelling too much water
low ADH levels - Answers - produce dilute urine and reduced volume of body fluids
high ADH levels - Answers - produce concentrated urine
ADH is also known as - Answers - vasopressin
vasoconstriction - Answers - narrowing of the blood vessels that allows for decreased
blood flow, but increased blood pressure
vasodilation - Answers - widening of the blood vessels that allows for increased blood
flow, but decreased blood pressure
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - Answers - an enzyme that converts angiotensin
I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - Answers - lower blood pressure by
inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent
vasoconstrictor)
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) - Answers - Lower blood pressure by blocking
the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
Adrenergic Blockers - Answers - Lower blood pressure by blocking the effects of
adrenergic neurotransmitters
Cardiac output formula - Answers - heart rate x stroke volume
, How does the concentration of sodium affect the cardiac output and blood pressure? -
Answers - If the sodium concentrations rise, then the cardiac output will increase. When
the cardiac output increases, the blood pressure will rise significantly. As a result, there
will be less water absorption and more sodium absorption.
What is the long-term determinant of blood pressure? - Answers - Cardiac output
What is the long-term determinant of cardiac output? - Answers - The concentration of
sodium
Renin - Answers - hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by
influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
(T/F): The amount of water excreted by the kidneys is always more than the amount of
sodium excreted by the kidneys. - Answers - True
Intracellular fluid compartment - Answers - the fluid located inside your cells
Extracellular fluid compartment - Answers - Fluid outside cells; includes plasma and
interstitial fluid
How much of body weight is water? - Answers - 60%
How much of the body's water is intracellular? - Answers - 2/3
How much of the body's water is extracellular? - Answers - 1/3
What is the approximate volume of plasma? - Answers - between 2.5 to 3 liters
What percentage of the body's weight is intracellular fluid volume? - Answers - 40%
What percentage of the body's weight is extracellular fluid volume? - Answers - 20%
What percentage of interstitial fluid accounts for the extracellular fluid compartment? -
Answers - 80%
What percentage of plasma accounts for the extracellular fluid compartment? - Answers
- 20%
In plasma, is the concentration of Na+ high or low? - Answers - High
In interstitial fluid, is the concentration of Na+ high or low? - Answers - High
In intracellular fluid, is the concentration of Na+ high or low? - Answers - Low
In plasma, is the concentration of Cl- high or low? - Answers - High
