T-helper cells
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-Help B-Lymphocyte identify dangerous antigens
-Stimulate T-cytotoxic cells
Human reservoir: Asymptomatic carriers
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Don't show symptoms but can spread infection
Class switching
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-From primary IgM antibody to: IgG Circulating antibody or IgA Mucous
antibody (secondary response antibodies)
-Some B cells that have undergone this become "memory cells"
Plasma cells
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Produce antibody specific to antigen
Complement fixation
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, 1. Heated serum: Possibly containing antibody to virus & known virus
2. If match between known virus & antibody to it in serum: this binds to
antibody (in serum)- virus complex
3. If no match (No antibody to known virus) this then will attach to "indicator
reaction" of:
a. Sheep red blood cells & anti sheep red blood cells antibody
b. Free of this binds here & causes lysis of sheep red blood cells
Peroxidases
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a. Found in
-Saliva, Breast milk
-Inside body tissue
-Phagocytic cells
b. Takes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) & makes "oxidizing compounds"
-These kill microbes
c. "Catalase positive" organisms are resistant: break down peroxide with
their own enzyme
Eosinophils
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Reddish, orange stained granules
-Fight parasitic worms
-Involved in allergic reactions
-Granules contain antimicrobials & histamines
, Infectious dose
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Number of microbes necessary to establish infection
ID50: Number of cells it takes to infect 50% of population
Population characteristics: Natural immunity increases in populations surviving disease
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a. Most susceptible individuals die off -> more immune future population
b. Europeans with small pox kill off susceptible Indians
Normal flora
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At first is a direct copy of mother's but will change as child responds to
organisms in its surrounding environment
Systemic infection
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
-Help B-Lymphocyte identify dangerous antigens
-Stimulate T-cytotoxic cells
Human reservoir: Asymptomatic carriers
,Give this one a try later!
Don't show symptoms but can spread infection
Class switching
Give this one a try later!
-From primary IgM antibody to: IgG Circulating antibody or IgA Mucous
antibody (secondary response antibodies)
-Some B cells that have undergone this become "memory cells"
Plasma cells
Give this one a try later!
Produce antibody specific to antigen
Complement fixation
Give this one a try later!
, 1. Heated serum: Possibly containing antibody to virus & known virus
2. If match between known virus & antibody to it in serum: this binds to
antibody (in serum)- virus complex
3. If no match (No antibody to known virus) this then will attach to "indicator
reaction" of:
a. Sheep red blood cells & anti sheep red blood cells antibody
b. Free of this binds here & causes lysis of sheep red blood cells
Peroxidases
Give this one a try later!
a. Found in
-Saliva, Breast milk
-Inside body tissue
-Phagocytic cells
b. Takes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) & makes "oxidizing compounds"
-These kill microbes
c. "Catalase positive" organisms are resistant: break down peroxide with
their own enzyme
Eosinophils
Give this one a try later!
Reddish, orange stained granules
-Fight parasitic worms
-Involved in allergic reactions
-Granules contain antimicrobials & histamines
, Infectious dose
Give this one a try later!
Number of microbes necessary to establish infection
ID50: Number of cells it takes to infect 50% of population
Population characteristics: Natural immunity increases in populations surviving disease
Give this one a try later!
a. Most susceptible individuals die off -> more immune future population
b. Europeans with small pox kill off susceptible Indians
Normal flora
Give this one a try later!
At first is a direct copy of mother's but will change as child responds to
organisms in its surrounding environment
Systemic infection
Give this one a try later!
