Which of the following is not a symptom of giardiasis?
A) Malabsorbtion
B) Weight loss
C) Flatulence
D) Bloody diarrhea
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D
, Phagocytosis of either microbes or microbial constituents by macrophages is
followed by the activation of macrophages and the secretion of cytokines. What are
the main effects of these molecules?
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The cytokines released by activated macrophages have three principal
effects. Some cytokines act as chemoattractants and recruit other
leukocytes into the infected tissue, for example neutrophils, which
efficiently phagocytose and kill bacteria, forming pus. Other cytokines act
on the endothelial cells of local blood vessels to increase vascular
permeability and vasodilation, thus initiating inflammation of the infected
tissue.
Describe the differences between the Gram +, Gram -, and acid fast bacterial cell
walls and how these differences affect the growth of acid fast bacteria in particular. (A
picture showing the differences is acceptable for the first part of the question.)
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Gram + bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer with embeded teichoic
and lipoteichoic acids. Gram - bacteria have a small peptidoglycan layer
and an outer membrane with LPS on the outer leaflet. Acid fast bacteria
have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and mycolic acid wax coating. The wax
coating on acid fast bacteria slows the transport of essential nutrients and
results in slower growth for these bacteria.
Describe the symptoms leading up to, culminating in, and after septic shock. Explain
which measures should be taken to resolve sepsis conditions.
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A) Malabsorbtion
B) Weight loss
C) Flatulence
D) Bloody diarrhea
Give this one a try later!
D
, Phagocytosis of either microbes or microbial constituents by macrophages is
followed by the activation of macrophages and the secretion of cytokines. What are
the main effects of these molecules?
Give this one a try later!
The cytokines released by activated macrophages have three principal
effects. Some cytokines act as chemoattractants and recruit other
leukocytes into the infected tissue, for example neutrophils, which
efficiently phagocytose and kill bacteria, forming pus. Other cytokines act
on the endothelial cells of local blood vessels to increase vascular
permeability and vasodilation, thus initiating inflammation of the infected
tissue.
Describe the differences between the Gram +, Gram -, and acid fast bacterial cell
walls and how these differences affect the growth of acid fast bacteria in particular. (A
picture showing the differences is acceptable for the first part of the question.)
Give this one a try later!
Gram + bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer with embeded teichoic
and lipoteichoic acids. Gram - bacteria have a small peptidoglycan layer
and an outer membrane with LPS on the outer leaflet. Acid fast bacteria
have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and mycolic acid wax coating. The wax
coating on acid fast bacteria slows the transport of essential nutrients and
results in slower growth for these bacteria.
Describe the symptoms leading up to, culminating in, and after septic shock. Explain
which measures should be taken to resolve sepsis conditions.
Give this one a try later!
