NSG 3280 - Exam 3 - Study Guide 2026
With Complete Solutions
What is an ischemic stroke? (patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Sudden occlusion of cerebral artery
due to a thrombus (blood clot) or embolus (travelling clot)
What causes thrombotic strokes? (etiology) - CORRECT ANSWER -Atherosclerosis,
coagulopathies, clot in brain
What causes embolic strokes? (etiology) - CORRECT ANSWER -Cardiac dysfunction,
dysrhythmias - atrial fibrillation (a. fib)
What are the clinical manifestations of an ischemic stroke? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss, contralateral field
blindness
What are diagnostics for strokes? - CORRECT ANSWER -CT, MRI, CT-A, symptomology
What is a hemorrhagic stroke? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Hemorrhage within the
brain parenchyma (brain's functional tissue), secondary to severe/chronic hypertension, most
occur in basal ganglia/thalamus, higher mortality than ischemic stroke
What are the clinical manifestations of a hemorrhagic stroke? - CORRECT ANSWER -Similar to
ischemic stroke - contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss,
contralateral visual field blindness, plus signs of increased ICP/brain herniation, headache
What is bursitis? - CORRECT ANSWER -inflammation of the bursae (small fluid-filled sacs
surrounding the joints)
,What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Genetic, X-
linked trait - only affects males, muscle cells deficient in dystrophin (a protein that allows fluid
to leak into cells)
What are the clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Calf muscles enlarged due to infiltration of fat cells and degeneration of muscle fibers,
inflammation leads to muscle fiber necrosis & muscle degeneration, progressive muscle
weakness, frequent falling by age 5-6 y/o, children 12-14 y/o usually confined to wheelchair,
survival is grim due to heart failure and pulmonary infection
What is Osteoporosis? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Bone density degradation, rate
of bone resorption is greater than bone formation
What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -Female, Caucasian, Asian,
menopause - decreased estrogen, family history, increased age, smoking, alcohol consumption,
type 1 diabetes, medications: corticosteroids, antiepileptic agents, thyroid supplements
What are the diagnostics for Osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -Dual-energy Xray
absorptiometry (DEXA) scan, CT, assessment of risk factors
What are the clinical manifestations of Osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -Multivariate
depending on risk factors & age-related changes, asymptomatic until fracture, wrist, hips, ankles,
chronic changes in bone structure may impair breathing, stooping, leads to muscle spasms &
immobility joints
What is Paget disease? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Metabolic bone disease,
excessive reabsorption followed by excessive bone formation, weak & less structurally compact
bone, theories - genetic, viral infection affects osteoclastic (cells that break down) function
What are the diagnostics for Paget disease? - CORRECT ANSWER -Inspection/physical exam,
mosaic bone features on x-ray, family history
, What are the clinical manifestations of Paget disease? - CORRECT ANSWER -Undetected in
acute phase, symptoms after age 40, difficult to detect (genetic/viral), early: asymptomatic,
progressed: stiff joints, progressively worsening pain, bending/soft/pliable bones, subperiosteal
bone formation becomes hard & thickened, cranial bone thickening leading to vertigo, dizziness,
facial paralysis, and blindness
What is Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Neurological
disease, leads to bone & joint abnormalities, can be a complication of peripheral nerve
injury/DM/pernicious anemia/multiple sclerosis (MS)/syringomyelia - fluid-filled cyst in spinal
cord
Loss of proprioception (body awareness) & pain responses, motor neuron involvement can affect
both upper & lower motor neurons
What are the diagnostics for Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - CORRECT ANSWER -Xray, co-
morbidities
What are the clinical manifestations Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Painful, swollen, deformed joints, unstable joints
What is sensorineural hearing loss? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Hearing is
disturbed in the inner ear in the cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain, usually
irreversible, caused by long-term exposure to loud sounds, ototoxic medication, trauma,
metabolic causes, aging, certain diseases
What is Osteoarthritis? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Degenerative joint disease,
common, progressive, noninflammatory disease of diarthrodial joints (weight-bearing)
Progressive loss of articular cartilage & formation of subchondral bone & new bone at joint
margins, wear & tear on joints (obesity, joint trauma, congenital disorders, lifestyle, occupation,
genetic predisposition, post-menopause)
What is a diagnostic used for Osteoarthritis? - CORRECT ANSWER -Xray
With Complete Solutions
What is an ischemic stroke? (patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Sudden occlusion of cerebral artery
due to a thrombus (blood clot) or embolus (travelling clot)
What causes thrombotic strokes? (etiology) - CORRECT ANSWER -Atherosclerosis,
coagulopathies, clot in brain
What causes embolic strokes? (etiology) - CORRECT ANSWER -Cardiac dysfunction,
dysrhythmias - atrial fibrillation (a. fib)
What are the clinical manifestations of an ischemic stroke? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss, contralateral field
blindness
What are diagnostics for strokes? - CORRECT ANSWER -CT, MRI, CT-A, symptomology
What is a hemorrhagic stroke? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Hemorrhage within the
brain parenchyma (brain's functional tissue), secondary to severe/chronic hypertension, most
occur in basal ganglia/thalamus, higher mortality than ischemic stroke
What are the clinical manifestations of a hemorrhagic stroke? - CORRECT ANSWER -Similar to
ischemic stroke - contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss,
contralateral visual field blindness, plus signs of increased ICP/brain herniation, headache
What is bursitis? - CORRECT ANSWER -inflammation of the bursae (small fluid-filled sacs
surrounding the joints)
,What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Genetic, X-
linked trait - only affects males, muscle cells deficient in dystrophin (a protein that allows fluid
to leak into cells)
What are the clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Calf muscles enlarged due to infiltration of fat cells and degeneration of muscle fibers,
inflammation leads to muscle fiber necrosis & muscle degeneration, progressive muscle
weakness, frequent falling by age 5-6 y/o, children 12-14 y/o usually confined to wheelchair,
survival is grim due to heart failure and pulmonary infection
What is Osteoporosis? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Bone density degradation, rate
of bone resorption is greater than bone formation
What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -Female, Caucasian, Asian,
menopause - decreased estrogen, family history, increased age, smoking, alcohol consumption,
type 1 diabetes, medications: corticosteroids, antiepileptic agents, thyroid supplements
What are the diagnostics for Osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -Dual-energy Xray
absorptiometry (DEXA) scan, CT, assessment of risk factors
What are the clinical manifestations of Osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -Multivariate
depending on risk factors & age-related changes, asymptomatic until fracture, wrist, hips, ankles,
chronic changes in bone structure may impair breathing, stooping, leads to muscle spasms &
immobility joints
What is Paget disease? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Metabolic bone disease,
excessive reabsorption followed by excessive bone formation, weak & less structurally compact
bone, theories - genetic, viral infection affects osteoclastic (cells that break down) function
What are the diagnostics for Paget disease? - CORRECT ANSWER -Inspection/physical exam,
mosaic bone features on x-ray, family history
, What are the clinical manifestations of Paget disease? - CORRECT ANSWER -Undetected in
acute phase, symptoms after age 40, difficult to detect (genetic/viral), early: asymptomatic,
progressed: stiff joints, progressively worsening pain, bending/soft/pliable bones, subperiosteal
bone formation becomes hard & thickened, cranial bone thickening leading to vertigo, dizziness,
facial paralysis, and blindness
What is Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Neurological
disease, leads to bone & joint abnormalities, can be a complication of peripheral nerve
injury/DM/pernicious anemia/multiple sclerosis (MS)/syringomyelia - fluid-filled cyst in spinal
cord
Loss of proprioception (body awareness) & pain responses, motor neuron involvement can affect
both upper & lower motor neurons
What are the diagnostics for Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - CORRECT ANSWER -Xray, co-
morbidities
What are the clinical manifestations Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Painful, swollen, deformed joints, unstable joints
What is sensorineural hearing loss? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Hearing is
disturbed in the inner ear in the cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain, usually
irreversible, caused by long-term exposure to loud sounds, ototoxic medication, trauma,
metabolic causes, aging, certain diseases
What is Osteoarthritis? (etiology/patho) - CORRECT ANSWER -Degenerative joint disease,
common, progressive, noninflammatory disease of diarthrodial joints (weight-bearing)
Progressive loss of articular cartilage & formation of subchondral bone & new bone at joint
margins, wear & tear on joints (obesity, joint trauma, congenital disorders, lifestyle, occupation,
genetic predisposition, post-menopause)
What is a diagnostic used for Osteoarthritis? - CORRECT ANSWER -Xray
