PGY 300 RENAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception.
a) regulation of extracellular fluid volume
b) maintenance of ion balance in body fluids
c) regulation of blood protein levels
d) regulation of blood osmolarity e) homeostatic regulation of blood pH - Answers c) regulation of
blood protein levels
Substances directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following?
a) Na+
b) K+
c) Ca2+
d) HCO3-
e) glucose - Answers e) glucose
The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of which of the following?
a) urobilin
b) uric acid
c) urea
d) renin
e) bile - Answers a) urobilin
Urea is produced primarily by which of the following?
a) proximal tubule
b) collecting duct
c) kidney
d) adrenal gland
e) liver - Answers e) liver
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
a) blood vessels.
b) lymphatics.
c) the ureters.
d) the urethra.
e) none of the above - Answers c) the ureters.
Technically, the kidneys are located
a) in the thoracic cavity.
b) in the abdominal cavity.
c) behind the pleural membranes. d) behind the peritoneal membrane.
e) in the pelvic cavity - Answers d) behind the peritoneal membrane.
Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it?
a) portal system
b) arterial shunts
c) vascular sinuses
d) veins containing highly oxygenated blood
e) anastomoses - Answers a) portal system
Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney?
a) vasa recta
b) loop of Henle
c) glomerulus
d) renal corpuscle - Answers b) loop of Henle
Which statement is NOT true?
a) The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries. b) As much as one fourth of the
cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment.
c) The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products.
d) The urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single urethra.
e) Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men. - Answers c) The kidneys do
not reabsorb filtered waste products.
The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the
a) renal pyramid.
, b) loop of Henle.
c) renal corpuscle.
d) renal papilla.
e) collecting system. - Answers c) renal corpuscle.
A glomerulus is
a) the expanded end of a nephron.
b) a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule.
c) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle.
d) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
e) the hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron - Answers b) a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the
Bowman's capsule.
The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the ___________
a) loop of Henle.
b) proximal tubule.
c) distal tubule.
d) collecting duct.
e) minor calyx. - Answers b) proximal tubule.
The portion of the nephron that precedes the collecting duct is the __________ .
a) loop of Henle
b) proximal tubule
c) distal tubule
d) renal pelvis
e) minor calyx - Answers c) distal tubule
The hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron is the ___________
a) loop of Henle.
b) proximal tubule.
c) distal tubule.
d) vasa recta.
e) minor calyx. - Answers a) loop of Henle.
The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as
a) highly specific (selective).
b) completely nonspecific (nonselective).
c) relatively nonspecific (nonselective). - Answers c) relatively nonspecific (nonselective).
The filtration fraction of a normal kidney is approximately __________ of the renal plasma flow.
a) 4/5 (80%)
b) 1/5 (20%)
c) 3/4 (75%)
d) 1/2 (50%)
e) 9/10 (90%) - Answers b) 1/5 (20%)
In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are
a) filtered then reabsorbed.
b) secreted then reabsorbed.
c) not filtered.
d) filtered and secreted - Answers c) not filtered.
Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier?
a) glomerular capillary endothelium
b) basal lamina
c) podocyte foot process
d) juxtaglomerular apparatus - Answers d) juxtaglomerular apparatus
The major force for Net filtration pressure is the
a) blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
b) oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
c) hydrostatic pressure of the filtrate.
d) reabsorption in the nephron.
e) none of the above - Answers a) blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
Which of the following would be the most important function of the proximal tubule?
a) filtration
Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception.
a) regulation of extracellular fluid volume
b) maintenance of ion balance in body fluids
c) regulation of blood protein levels
d) regulation of blood osmolarity e) homeostatic regulation of blood pH - Answers c) regulation of
blood protein levels
Substances directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following?
a) Na+
b) K+
c) Ca2+
d) HCO3-
e) glucose - Answers e) glucose
The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of which of the following?
a) urobilin
b) uric acid
c) urea
d) renin
e) bile - Answers a) urobilin
Urea is produced primarily by which of the following?
a) proximal tubule
b) collecting duct
c) kidney
d) adrenal gland
e) liver - Answers e) liver
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
a) blood vessels.
b) lymphatics.
c) the ureters.
d) the urethra.
e) none of the above - Answers c) the ureters.
Technically, the kidneys are located
a) in the thoracic cavity.
b) in the abdominal cavity.
c) behind the pleural membranes. d) behind the peritoneal membrane.
e) in the pelvic cavity - Answers d) behind the peritoneal membrane.
Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it?
a) portal system
b) arterial shunts
c) vascular sinuses
d) veins containing highly oxygenated blood
e) anastomoses - Answers a) portal system
Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney?
a) vasa recta
b) loop of Henle
c) glomerulus
d) renal corpuscle - Answers b) loop of Henle
Which statement is NOT true?
a) The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries. b) As much as one fourth of the
cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment.
c) The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products.
d) The urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single urethra.
e) Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men. - Answers c) The kidneys do
not reabsorb filtered waste products.
The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the
a) renal pyramid.
, b) loop of Henle.
c) renal corpuscle.
d) renal papilla.
e) collecting system. - Answers c) renal corpuscle.
A glomerulus is
a) the expanded end of a nephron.
b) a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule.
c) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle.
d) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
e) the hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron - Answers b) a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the
Bowman's capsule.
The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the ___________
a) loop of Henle.
b) proximal tubule.
c) distal tubule.
d) collecting duct.
e) minor calyx. - Answers b) proximal tubule.
The portion of the nephron that precedes the collecting duct is the __________ .
a) loop of Henle
b) proximal tubule
c) distal tubule
d) renal pelvis
e) minor calyx - Answers c) distal tubule
The hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron is the ___________
a) loop of Henle.
b) proximal tubule.
c) distal tubule.
d) vasa recta.
e) minor calyx. - Answers a) loop of Henle.
The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as
a) highly specific (selective).
b) completely nonspecific (nonselective).
c) relatively nonspecific (nonselective). - Answers c) relatively nonspecific (nonselective).
The filtration fraction of a normal kidney is approximately __________ of the renal plasma flow.
a) 4/5 (80%)
b) 1/5 (20%)
c) 3/4 (75%)
d) 1/2 (50%)
e) 9/10 (90%) - Answers b) 1/5 (20%)
In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are
a) filtered then reabsorbed.
b) secreted then reabsorbed.
c) not filtered.
d) filtered and secreted - Answers c) not filtered.
Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier?
a) glomerular capillary endothelium
b) basal lamina
c) podocyte foot process
d) juxtaglomerular apparatus - Answers d) juxtaglomerular apparatus
The major force for Net filtration pressure is the
a) blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
b) oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
c) hydrostatic pressure of the filtrate.
d) reabsorption in the nephron.
e) none of the above - Answers a) blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
Which of the following would be the most important function of the proximal tubule?
a) filtration
