NURS 611 Pathophysiology Exam 4 Newest
Exam Questions and Answers | Complete
Verified Answers
• What causes secondary dysmenorrhea? -✓✓Disorders such as endometriosis,
endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids, polyps, tumors, ovarian
cysts, or IUDs.
• What is endometriosis? -✓✓The presence of functioning endometrial tissue or
implants outside the uterus.
• What are common sites of endometriosis implantation? -✓✓Pelvic peritoneum,
ovaries, uterosacral ligaments, and other areas like the GI tract and lungs.
• What are common symptoms of endometriosis? -✓✓Pain, infertility,
dysmenorrhea, dysuria, dyspareunia, constipation, and abnormal vaginal bleeding.
• What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? -✓✓A condition characterized
by irregular ovulation, elevated androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries.
• What are the cardinal features of PCOS? -✓✓Hyperandrogenic state and
ovulatory dysfunction.
• What role does insulin resistance play in PCOS? -✓✓It aggravates the
hyperandrogenic state and contributes to the severity of symptoms.
• What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)? -✓✓An acute inflammatory process
caused by infection of the upper genital tract.
,• What are the consequences of PID? -✓✓Scarring, adhesions, infertility, ectopic
pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
• Which infections commonly cause PID? -✓✓Gonorrhea and chlamydia.
• What is bacterial vaginosis (BV)? -✓✓A noninflammatory condition caused by
an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, leading to malodorous discharge.
• What is Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)? -✓✓The descent of the vaginal wall,
uterus, or apex of the vagina.
• What are common causes of POP? -✓✓Childbirth trauma, pelvic floor surgery,
obesity, and chronic conditions.
• What is a cystocele? -✓✓Descent of a portion of the posterior bladder wall into
the vaginal canal.
• What symptoms are associated with a cystocele? -✓✓Urination issues, pelvic
discomfort, and frequent UTIs.
• What is a rectocele? -✓✓Bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into
the vaginal canal.
• What is an enterocele? -✓✓Herniation of the rectouterine pouch into the
rectovaginal septum.
, • What is ovarian cancer often referred to as? -✓✓The 'silent killer' due to its
asymptomatic nature until late stages.
• What genetic factors are associated with ovarian cancer? -✓✓Mutations in
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
• What role do BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play in breast cancer? -✓✓BRCA1 is a
tumor-suppressor gene, while BRCA2 helps repair damaged DNA.
• How does a mutation in BRCA1 affect cell proliferation? -✓✓It inhibits or alters
its suppressor function, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
• What is a common characteristic of breast cancer in males? -✓✓They are more
likely to have a BRCA2 mutation than a BRCA1 mutation.
• What are the main categories of breast cancer risk factors? -✓✓Age, gender,
personal and family history, histologic, genetic, reproductive factors, exogenous
hormone use, and environmental factors.
• What environmental factors are associated with breast cancer? -✓✓Smoking,
increased alcohol consumption, and obesity.
• How does adipose tissue contribute to breast cancer? -✓✓It secretes leptin that
promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting cell death signaling
pathways.
• What lifestyle factor decreases immune function and increases inflammation
related to breast cancer? -✓✓Sedentary lifestyle.
Exam Questions and Answers | Complete
Verified Answers
• What causes secondary dysmenorrhea? -✓✓Disorders such as endometriosis,
endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids, polyps, tumors, ovarian
cysts, or IUDs.
• What is endometriosis? -✓✓The presence of functioning endometrial tissue or
implants outside the uterus.
• What are common sites of endometriosis implantation? -✓✓Pelvic peritoneum,
ovaries, uterosacral ligaments, and other areas like the GI tract and lungs.
• What are common symptoms of endometriosis? -✓✓Pain, infertility,
dysmenorrhea, dysuria, dyspareunia, constipation, and abnormal vaginal bleeding.
• What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? -✓✓A condition characterized
by irregular ovulation, elevated androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries.
• What are the cardinal features of PCOS? -✓✓Hyperandrogenic state and
ovulatory dysfunction.
• What role does insulin resistance play in PCOS? -✓✓It aggravates the
hyperandrogenic state and contributes to the severity of symptoms.
• What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)? -✓✓An acute inflammatory process
caused by infection of the upper genital tract.
,• What are the consequences of PID? -✓✓Scarring, adhesions, infertility, ectopic
pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
• Which infections commonly cause PID? -✓✓Gonorrhea and chlamydia.
• What is bacterial vaginosis (BV)? -✓✓A noninflammatory condition caused by
an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, leading to malodorous discharge.
• What is Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)? -✓✓The descent of the vaginal wall,
uterus, or apex of the vagina.
• What are common causes of POP? -✓✓Childbirth trauma, pelvic floor surgery,
obesity, and chronic conditions.
• What is a cystocele? -✓✓Descent of a portion of the posterior bladder wall into
the vaginal canal.
• What symptoms are associated with a cystocele? -✓✓Urination issues, pelvic
discomfort, and frequent UTIs.
• What is a rectocele? -✓✓Bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into
the vaginal canal.
• What is an enterocele? -✓✓Herniation of the rectouterine pouch into the
rectovaginal septum.
, • What is ovarian cancer often referred to as? -✓✓The 'silent killer' due to its
asymptomatic nature until late stages.
• What genetic factors are associated with ovarian cancer? -✓✓Mutations in
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
• What role do BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play in breast cancer? -✓✓BRCA1 is a
tumor-suppressor gene, while BRCA2 helps repair damaged DNA.
• How does a mutation in BRCA1 affect cell proliferation? -✓✓It inhibits or alters
its suppressor function, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
• What is a common characteristic of breast cancer in males? -✓✓They are more
likely to have a BRCA2 mutation than a BRCA1 mutation.
• What are the main categories of breast cancer risk factors? -✓✓Age, gender,
personal and family history, histologic, genetic, reproductive factors, exogenous
hormone use, and environmental factors.
• What environmental factors are associated with breast cancer? -✓✓Smoking,
increased alcohol consumption, and obesity.
• How does adipose tissue contribute to breast cancer? -✓✓It secretes leptin that
promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting cell death signaling
pathways.
• What lifestyle factor decreases immune function and increases inflammation
related to breast cancer? -✓✓Sedentary lifestyle.
