NURS 611 Pathophysiology Exam 4 Latest Exam
Questions and Answers | Professional Verified
Study Guide
• What causes the umbilical referred pain with kidney stones? -✓✓sensory
innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root.
• What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in older adults? -✓✓confusion and
poorly localized abdominal discomfort (symptoms are vague).
• What is pyelonephritis? -✓✓it is an infection of one or both upper urinary
tracts(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium).
• What are the underlying risk factors for the development of pyelonephritis? -
✓✓urinary obstruction and reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux).
• What microorganisms are associated with acute pyelonephritis? -✓✓e. coli,
proteus, or pseudomonas.
• What do the microorganisms that cause pyelonephritis do to increase the risk of
stone formation? -✓✓the microorganisms split urea into ammonia, making alkaline
urine that increases the risk.
• Define painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis). -✓✓it is a condition that
includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
• It is possible that noninfectious cystitis is caused by an autoimmune response.
What happens during an autoimmune reaction? -✓✓it may be responsible for
, inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial
permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve stimulation.
• How is a diagnosis of IC differentiated from a diagnosis of pyelonephritis? -
✓✓urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical signs and symptoms. White blood cell
casts indicate pyelonephritis, but they are not always present in the urine.
• What lab values point to a reduced GFR? -✓✓elevated plasma urea, creatinine
concentration, or reduced renal creatinine clearance.
• What is acute glomerulonephritis? -✓✓it is a term that includes renal diseases
that cause glomerular inflammation through immune mechanisms.
• What happens to the GFR during an inflammatory response? -✓✓the glomerular
capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and
epithelium (podocytes) are damaged by inflammation causing immune
mechanisms.
• What are the classic symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis? -✓✓sudden onset of
hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic
syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also accompanied by
edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
• What is nephrotic syndrome? -✓✓It is the excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein
(massive proteinuria) in the urine per day, hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl),
and peripheral edema.
• What is nephrotic syndrome characteristic of? -✓✓glomerular injury.
Questions and Answers | Professional Verified
Study Guide
• What causes the umbilical referred pain with kidney stones? -✓✓sensory
innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root.
• What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in older adults? -✓✓confusion and
poorly localized abdominal discomfort (symptoms are vague).
• What is pyelonephritis? -✓✓it is an infection of one or both upper urinary
tracts(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium).
• What are the underlying risk factors for the development of pyelonephritis? -
✓✓urinary obstruction and reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux).
• What microorganisms are associated with acute pyelonephritis? -✓✓e. coli,
proteus, or pseudomonas.
• What do the microorganisms that cause pyelonephritis do to increase the risk of
stone formation? -✓✓the microorganisms split urea into ammonia, making alkaline
urine that increases the risk.
• Define painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis). -✓✓it is a condition that
includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
• It is possible that noninfectious cystitis is caused by an autoimmune response.
What happens during an autoimmune reaction? -✓✓it may be responsible for
, inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial
permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve stimulation.
• How is a diagnosis of IC differentiated from a diagnosis of pyelonephritis? -
✓✓urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical signs and symptoms. White blood cell
casts indicate pyelonephritis, but they are not always present in the urine.
• What lab values point to a reduced GFR? -✓✓elevated plasma urea, creatinine
concentration, or reduced renal creatinine clearance.
• What is acute glomerulonephritis? -✓✓it is a term that includes renal diseases
that cause glomerular inflammation through immune mechanisms.
• What happens to the GFR during an inflammatory response? -✓✓the glomerular
capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and
epithelium (podocytes) are damaged by inflammation causing immune
mechanisms.
• What are the classic symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis? -✓✓sudden onset of
hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic
syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also accompanied by
edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
• What is nephrotic syndrome? -✓✓It is the excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein
(massive proteinuria) in the urine per day, hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl),
and peripheral edema.
• What is nephrotic syndrome characteristic of? -✓✓glomerular injury.
