NURS 611 Pathophysiology Exam 4 Latest
Exam Questions and Answers (2026) |
Verified Examination Questions and
Answers
• most common type of kidney stone -✓✓Calcium oxalate
• Amount of cardiac output that kidneys expect to receive -✓✓20-25%
• Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause referred pain to where?
-✓✓Umbilicus area
• The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is that they get stuck
in what? -✓✓The ureters
• When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it obstruct? -✓✓Urine flow
• The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect their 20-25% of cardiac
output. The kidneys do not know why they are not getting their normal share of cardiac
output but they sense the decreased perfusion due to the obstruction, so those kidneys
activate what -✓✓The RAAS system
• With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is angiotensin, which is a
powerful peripheral constrictor. So, what happens within those kidneys themselves is
decreased tissue perfusion so they activate the RAAS system which contains the
angiotensin with powerful constrictor properties, so it constricts what? -✓✓Arterioles
• When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a result? -
✓✓Hypertension, so basically HTN happens due to urinary obstruction
• Which population do we think mainly about when we think about UTIs? -✓✓The older
populaiton
• With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI because clinically,
the main manifestation that is often seen with the elderly and a UTI is what? -
✓✓Confusion, abdominal pain or discomfort, blood in urine.
• What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older population? -✓✓sepsis
• Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, kidney interstitium) is
what? -✓✓Pyelonephritis
, • most common risk factors for pyelonephritis -✓✓Urinary obstruction, and reflux of urine
from the bladder.
• most common culprit of pyelonephritis -✓✓E. coli, proteus, pseudomonas
• Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with pyelonephritis? -✓✓Because of
proximity of the anus to the urinary tract
• On urinalysis what would you see with pyelonephritis -✓✓WBC casts, because they
are only formed in the renal tubules
• Urine should always go (----) and when there is an obstruction urine goes (----) -
✓✓Forward, backward
• When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does it flow back into -
✓✓The renal pelvis
• What is the renal pelvis? -✓✓is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney,
The renal pelvis functions as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter.
• When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal pelvis, what
happens? -✓✓it causes inflammation, which is caused by bacteria
• A condition that includes non bacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis is
called what? -✓✓Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis
• Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (PBS/IC) mimics -✓✓UTI, but is non
bacterial. Patients present with UTI and are treated with multiple rounds of abx and do
not improve is the clue it is PBS/IC
• Cause of PBS/IC -✓✓Non bacterial infectious cystisis:
- Viral
- Mycobacterial
- Chlamydia
- Fungal
Noninfectious Cystitis:
- Radiation
- Chemical
- Autoimmune
- Hypersensitivity
• Which patients do we generally think about when we think about PBS/IC? -
✓✓Diabetics because they are prone to infection, but when they have gotten what we
Exam Questions and Answers (2026) |
Verified Examination Questions and
Answers
• most common type of kidney stone -✓✓Calcium oxalate
• Amount of cardiac output that kidneys expect to receive -✓✓20-25%
• Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause referred pain to where?
-✓✓Umbilicus area
• The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is that they get stuck
in what? -✓✓The ureters
• When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it obstruct? -✓✓Urine flow
• The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect their 20-25% of cardiac
output. The kidneys do not know why they are not getting their normal share of cardiac
output but they sense the decreased perfusion due to the obstruction, so those kidneys
activate what -✓✓The RAAS system
• With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is angiotensin, which is a
powerful peripheral constrictor. So, what happens within those kidneys themselves is
decreased tissue perfusion so they activate the RAAS system which contains the
angiotensin with powerful constrictor properties, so it constricts what? -✓✓Arterioles
• When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a result? -
✓✓Hypertension, so basically HTN happens due to urinary obstruction
• Which population do we think mainly about when we think about UTIs? -✓✓The older
populaiton
• With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI because clinically,
the main manifestation that is often seen with the elderly and a UTI is what? -
✓✓Confusion, abdominal pain or discomfort, blood in urine.
• What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older population? -✓✓sepsis
• Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, kidney interstitium) is
what? -✓✓Pyelonephritis
, • most common risk factors for pyelonephritis -✓✓Urinary obstruction, and reflux of urine
from the bladder.
• most common culprit of pyelonephritis -✓✓E. coli, proteus, pseudomonas
• Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with pyelonephritis? -✓✓Because of
proximity of the anus to the urinary tract
• On urinalysis what would you see with pyelonephritis -✓✓WBC casts, because they
are only formed in the renal tubules
• Urine should always go (----) and when there is an obstruction urine goes (----) -
✓✓Forward, backward
• When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does it flow back into -
✓✓The renal pelvis
• What is the renal pelvis? -✓✓is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney,
The renal pelvis functions as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter.
• When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal pelvis, what
happens? -✓✓it causes inflammation, which is caused by bacteria
• A condition that includes non bacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis is
called what? -✓✓Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis
• Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (PBS/IC) mimics -✓✓UTI, but is non
bacterial. Patients present with UTI and are treated with multiple rounds of abx and do
not improve is the clue it is PBS/IC
• Cause of PBS/IC -✓✓Non bacterial infectious cystisis:
- Viral
- Mycobacterial
- Chlamydia
- Fungal
Noninfectious Cystitis:
- Radiation
- Chemical
- Autoimmune
- Hypersensitivity
• Which patients do we generally think about when we think about PBS/IC? -
✓✓Diabetics because they are prone to infection, but when they have gotten what we
