NURS 611 Patho Exam 2 Real Exam
Questions and Answers (2026) | A+
Verified Study Material
• SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)
Causes
S/S
Treatment -✓✓*Over secretion of ADH, Kidneys retain water causing hypervolemia
(dilute sodium- hyponatremia)
CAUSES- cancers, lung cancer, duodenum, etc
Infection in lungs or CNS -> pneumonia, meningitis,
AVP gene mutation, any surgerys
medication- Chlopropamide (oral antidiabetic)
S/S- THIRSTY, DEC urine (very concentrated) , anoerxia, (not hungry/uncomfortable)
fluid overload, dyspnea fatigue vomiting,
hyponatremia, confusion, seizures
Treatment - Treat hyponatremia
• Diabetes Insuipidus (DI)
Patho
Causes
S/S
Treatment -✓✓*DECREASED secretion of ADH,
diluted and excessive urine output, (concentrated -> Hypernatremia, INC plasma
osmalality),
CAUSES- ** Nephrogenic - problems with the kidneys- Genetic (Vasopressin &
Aquaphorin genes),
diseases- amyloidosis & pylenephritis
Drug- lithium carbonate (can damage kidney tubules)
** Neurogenic - lesions or trauma to hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, TBI
complications
Pregnancy- body produces vasopressinase which causes ADH to break down
(decrease)
S/S- polydispisa (extreme thirst), Inc Urine output (Polyuria) diluted, hypotension,
Treatment- If tolerable, Drink alot of water to correct the problem
• Antidiuretic Hormone
,Where is it produced?
Where is it stored/secreted?
Normal function -✓✓Produced by the hypothalamus
secreted and stored by the posterior pituitary
regulates the amount of water in the body
(can also constrict blood vessels and also called vasopressin)
• Hypopituitarism -✓✓(Disease of the anterior pituitary)
Cause- ischemia/infarction, edema, adenoma, aneyursm of the pituitary - pituitary
enlarges due to edema which causes more damage (pituitary is in an enclosed space) -
> Tiusse damage, decreased blood supply, fibrosis
Dec in all pituitary hormones- (Panhypopituitarism)
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic
TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH & LH follicle stimulating & Lutenizing
GH- Growth hormone
• Oxytocin Toxicity / Oxytocin Insufficiency -✓✓Disease of posterior pituitary
Hyper secretion- Toxicity
Hypo secretion- Insufficiency
• ACTH Deficiency (Hypopituitarism)
Adrenocorticotropic deficiency -✓✓N/V, weakness, lack of energy
HYPOGLYCEMIA, hypocortisol, low urine
due to hypocortisol insulin sensitivity is increased due to less glycogen stores/ less
glucogensis
Can be life threatening
Low aldosterone (RAAS can help)
Low urine output
• TSH Deficiency (hypopituitarism)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Deficiency -✓✓Same as hypothyroidism
Cold intolerance, Myxedema (wax appearance of swelled skin), Slowed metabolic rate
(inc weight gain?),
contipation, dry skin, fatigue
• FSH & LH deficiency (Hypopituitarism)
Follicle Stimulating & Luteinizing deficiency -✓✓Hair loss, Low libido,
Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)
Impotence in men (inability to achieve erection)
Atrophy of sex hormones (Atrophy-degenerte)
dry, thinning of vaginal tissue
, • GH Genetic deficiency in kids (GENES) -✓✓GH, GHRH, IGF 1
• GH insufficiency (Hypopituitarism)
Growth Hormone insufficiency -✓✓Growth failure,
Fasting hypoglycemia
INC body fat, DEC muscle mass,
osteoporosis, dry skin, decreased swelling,
Dyslipidemia/atherosclerosis - early mortality
• hyperpituitarism (Anterior pituitary) -✓✓Causes- Usually by a pituitary adenoma
(benign tumor) or hyperplasia - overgrowth of tissue
some genetic cases
OVERSECRETION of anterior pituitary hormones-
ACTH
GH
FS & LH
TSH
• Impingement of adenoma on anterior pituitary gland (hyperpituitarism) What does it
cause? -✓✓Adenoma in the enclosed space pushes on other structures
Such as - OPTIC CHIASMA - cause vision problems
Caveral Sinus Nerves - Sinus problems?
• Growth Hormone (GH) Hypersecretion
(Hyperpituitarism) -✓✓excessive levels of GH & IGF1
Usually occurs SLOWLY and can be lethal cuasing
heart disease, HTN, CAD, diabetes, and cancer
-Hyperglycemia - inc glycogenesis (glycogen formed from sugar)
Adipose tissue inflammation-Adipogensis(fat deposits)
HTN- cardiomyapthy, arrythmias
Inc phosphate absorption
Enlarged tongue, deformities from excessive growth,
excessive sweat/body odor
• Hyper secretion of Growth Hormone in Children -✓✓Excessive growth
If Epiphyseal plates are still open it can cause GIGANTISM
*Epiphyseal plates open during growth spirts and usually close after puberty?
• Hyperprolactinemia (Hyperpituitarism) -✓✓caused by adenoma of anterior pituitary
Other causes- tricyclic antidepressants, renal failure, PCOS, breast stimulation, blood
draws
Questions and Answers (2026) | A+
Verified Study Material
• SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)
Causes
S/S
Treatment -✓✓*Over secretion of ADH, Kidneys retain water causing hypervolemia
(dilute sodium- hyponatremia)
CAUSES- cancers, lung cancer, duodenum, etc
Infection in lungs or CNS -> pneumonia, meningitis,
AVP gene mutation, any surgerys
medication- Chlopropamide (oral antidiabetic)
S/S- THIRSTY, DEC urine (very concentrated) , anoerxia, (not hungry/uncomfortable)
fluid overload, dyspnea fatigue vomiting,
hyponatremia, confusion, seizures
Treatment - Treat hyponatremia
• Diabetes Insuipidus (DI)
Patho
Causes
S/S
Treatment -✓✓*DECREASED secretion of ADH,
diluted and excessive urine output, (concentrated -> Hypernatremia, INC plasma
osmalality),
CAUSES- ** Nephrogenic - problems with the kidneys- Genetic (Vasopressin &
Aquaphorin genes),
diseases- amyloidosis & pylenephritis
Drug- lithium carbonate (can damage kidney tubules)
** Neurogenic - lesions or trauma to hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, TBI
complications
Pregnancy- body produces vasopressinase which causes ADH to break down
(decrease)
S/S- polydispisa (extreme thirst), Inc Urine output (Polyuria) diluted, hypotension,
Treatment- If tolerable, Drink alot of water to correct the problem
• Antidiuretic Hormone
,Where is it produced?
Where is it stored/secreted?
Normal function -✓✓Produced by the hypothalamus
secreted and stored by the posterior pituitary
regulates the amount of water in the body
(can also constrict blood vessels and also called vasopressin)
• Hypopituitarism -✓✓(Disease of the anterior pituitary)
Cause- ischemia/infarction, edema, adenoma, aneyursm of the pituitary - pituitary
enlarges due to edema which causes more damage (pituitary is in an enclosed space) -
> Tiusse damage, decreased blood supply, fibrosis
Dec in all pituitary hormones- (Panhypopituitarism)
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic
TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH & LH follicle stimulating & Lutenizing
GH- Growth hormone
• Oxytocin Toxicity / Oxytocin Insufficiency -✓✓Disease of posterior pituitary
Hyper secretion- Toxicity
Hypo secretion- Insufficiency
• ACTH Deficiency (Hypopituitarism)
Adrenocorticotropic deficiency -✓✓N/V, weakness, lack of energy
HYPOGLYCEMIA, hypocortisol, low urine
due to hypocortisol insulin sensitivity is increased due to less glycogen stores/ less
glucogensis
Can be life threatening
Low aldosterone (RAAS can help)
Low urine output
• TSH Deficiency (hypopituitarism)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Deficiency -✓✓Same as hypothyroidism
Cold intolerance, Myxedema (wax appearance of swelled skin), Slowed metabolic rate
(inc weight gain?),
contipation, dry skin, fatigue
• FSH & LH deficiency (Hypopituitarism)
Follicle Stimulating & Luteinizing deficiency -✓✓Hair loss, Low libido,
Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)
Impotence in men (inability to achieve erection)
Atrophy of sex hormones (Atrophy-degenerte)
dry, thinning of vaginal tissue
, • GH Genetic deficiency in kids (GENES) -✓✓GH, GHRH, IGF 1
• GH insufficiency (Hypopituitarism)
Growth Hormone insufficiency -✓✓Growth failure,
Fasting hypoglycemia
INC body fat, DEC muscle mass,
osteoporosis, dry skin, decreased swelling,
Dyslipidemia/atherosclerosis - early mortality
• hyperpituitarism (Anterior pituitary) -✓✓Causes- Usually by a pituitary adenoma
(benign tumor) or hyperplasia - overgrowth of tissue
some genetic cases
OVERSECRETION of anterior pituitary hormones-
ACTH
GH
FS & LH
TSH
• Impingement of adenoma on anterior pituitary gland (hyperpituitarism) What does it
cause? -✓✓Adenoma in the enclosed space pushes on other structures
Such as - OPTIC CHIASMA - cause vision problems
Caveral Sinus Nerves - Sinus problems?
• Growth Hormone (GH) Hypersecretion
(Hyperpituitarism) -✓✓excessive levels of GH & IGF1
Usually occurs SLOWLY and can be lethal cuasing
heart disease, HTN, CAD, diabetes, and cancer
-Hyperglycemia - inc glycogenesis (glycogen formed from sugar)
Adipose tissue inflammation-Adipogensis(fat deposits)
HTN- cardiomyapthy, arrythmias
Inc phosphate absorption
Enlarged tongue, deformities from excessive growth,
excessive sweat/body odor
• Hyper secretion of Growth Hormone in Children -✓✓Excessive growth
If Epiphyseal plates are still open it can cause GIGANTISM
*Epiphyseal plates open during growth spirts and usually close after puberty?
• Hyperprolactinemia (Hyperpituitarism) -✓✓caused by adenoma of anterior pituitary
Other causes- tricyclic antidepressants, renal failure, PCOS, breast stimulation, blood
draws
