NURS 611 Patho Exam 2 Newest Exam
Questions and Answers | Complete
Verified Answers
• Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus -✓✓Swelling commonly seen after traumatic brain
injury (TBI) can lead to dangerous increases in intracranial pressure. This increase can
push on the pituitary leading to decreased ADH secretion = polyuria.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System -✓✓Mediated by acetylcholine; controls rest and
digest; conserves energy and the body's resources; controls everyday metabolism
• Sympathetic Nervous System -✓✓Mediated by catecholamines (epi and norepi);
prepares the body for fight or flight; mobilizes energy stores --> releases insulin;
redistributes blood flow - increased to muscles, decreased to GI/integumentary
• Focal brain injury -✓✓Specific lesions that are observable on imaging; epidural or
subdural hemorrhage
• Diffuse brain injury -✓✓Injuries involving widespread areas of the brain; may be
difficult to detect and define because damage is often microscopic; hypoxia is the
number 1 cause; other causes include meningitis or encephalitis
• Autonomic Dysreflexia (below the lesion) -✓✓Faulty control of sweating because the
hypothalmus is unable to regulate body heat due to SNS damage; pale, cool skin
• Autonomic Dysreflexia (general) -✓✓A complication occurring in a person who has a
spinal cord injury above T6
• Autonomic Dysreflexia (above the lesion) -✓✓Paroxysmal hypertension (up to 300
mmHg systolic), piloerection, and sweating with flushing of the skin; headache,
bradycardia
• Delirium -✓✓Acute onset, short duration; often associated with UTI, resolves with
treatment; attention and orientation are impaired; patient can be agitated, disorganized,
and have hallucinations
• Dementia -✓✓Usually insidious with chronic slow decline; attention and orientation are
often intact early in the progression; no overt behavioral signs early
• Alzheimer Disease -✓✓Leading cause of dementia; greatest risk factors are age and
family history; specific diagnosis is made by postmortem examination
, • Stroke (incidence) -✓✓Two times higher in blacks than whites; tends to run in families;
most common are ischemic
• Stroke (Risk Factors) -✓✓Hypertension, Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, High
total cholesterol or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, elevated
lipoprotein-A level, Heart disease and peripheral vascular disease, Polycythemia and
thrombocythemia, Atrial fibrillation, Postmenopausal hormone therapy, High sodium
intake, >2300 mg; low potassium intake, <4700 mg, Smoking, Physical inactivity,
Obesity BMI >30, Chronic sleep deprivation
• Right-sided homonymous hemianopsia -✓✓Visual field loss to the side of the vertical
midline. In this case left-sided peripheral vision will be intact, but right side is lost
• Middle cerebral artery stroke s/s -✓✓Contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia (upper
extremities greater than lower); expressive disorder with anomia (inability to name
objects); nonfluent aphasia, comprehension defects; Cheyne-Stokes respirations
• Guillain-Barre -✓✓An autoimmune disease that is preceded by an infection; with the
outbreak of Zika, there has been an increase in cases; weakness plateaus around week
4 in most cases and strength can be regained
• Guillain-Barre (picture) -✓✓
• Multiple Sclerosis -✓✓Chronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of myelin;
there is usually a clinically isolated syndrome with a single episode of neurologic
dysfunction (often follows pregnancy)
• Multiple Sclerosis (Clinical manifestations) -✓✓Initially 90% of patients present with
relapsing/remitting course that progresses over 10-20 years; 10% present with primary
progressive course; once walking problems develop, disease progression occurs
quickly.
• Multiple Sclerosis (Picture) -✓✓
• Myasthenia Gravis -✓✓A chronic autoimmune disease mediated by acetylcholine
receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junctions
• Myasthenia Gravis (Clinical Manifestations) -✓✓Exertional fatigue that improves with
rest; history of recurrent respiratory infections; diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies; facial
droop, flat affect; difficulty chewing and swallowing
• Parkinson's Disease (characteristic appearance) -✓✓Resting tremor, pill-rolling
tremors, bradykinesia/akinesia (poverty of movement), rigidity. A wide-eyed, unblinking,
staring expression; shuffling steps; arms flexed, held stiffly at the side; trunk is bent
forward
Questions and Answers | Complete
Verified Answers
• Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus -✓✓Swelling commonly seen after traumatic brain
injury (TBI) can lead to dangerous increases in intracranial pressure. This increase can
push on the pituitary leading to decreased ADH secretion = polyuria.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System -✓✓Mediated by acetylcholine; controls rest and
digest; conserves energy and the body's resources; controls everyday metabolism
• Sympathetic Nervous System -✓✓Mediated by catecholamines (epi and norepi);
prepares the body for fight or flight; mobilizes energy stores --> releases insulin;
redistributes blood flow - increased to muscles, decreased to GI/integumentary
• Focal brain injury -✓✓Specific lesions that are observable on imaging; epidural or
subdural hemorrhage
• Diffuse brain injury -✓✓Injuries involving widespread areas of the brain; may be
difficult to detect and define because damage is often microscopic; hypoxia is the
number 1 cause; other causes include meningitis or encephalitis
• Autonomic Dysreflexia (below the lesion) -✓✓Faulty control of sweating because the
hypothalmus is unable to regulate body heat due to SNS damage; pale, cool skin
• Autonomic Dysreflexia (general) -✓✓A complication occurring in a person who has a
spinal cord injury above T6
• Autonomic Dysreflexia (above the lesion) -✓✓Paroxysmal hypertension (up to 300
mmHg systolic), piloerection, and sweating with flushing of the skin; headache,
bradycardia
• Delirium -✓✓Acute onset, short duration; often associated with UTI, resolves with
treatment; attention and orientation are impaired; patient can be agitated, disorganized,
and have hallucinations
• Dementia -✓✓Usually insidious with chronic slow decline; attention and orientation are
often intact early in the progression; no overt behavioral signs early
• Alzheimer Disease -✓✓Leading cause of dementia; greatest risk factors are age and
family history; specific diagnosis is made by postmortem examination
, • Stroke (incidence) -✓✓Two times higher in blacks than whites; tends to run in families;
most common are ischemic
• Stroke (Risk Factors) -✓✓Hypertension, Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, High
total cholesterol or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, elevated
lipoprotein-A level, Heart disease and peripheral vascular disease, Polycythemia and
thrombocythemia, Atrial fibrillation, Postmenopausal hormone therapy, High sodium
intake, >2300 mg; low potassium intake, <4700 mg, Smoking, Physical inactivity,
Obesity BMI >30, Chronic sleep deprivation
• Right-sided homonymous hemianopsia -✓✓Visual field loss to the side of the vertical
midline. In this case left-sided peripheral vision will be intact, but right side is lost
• Middle cerebral artery stroke s/s -✓✓Contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia (upper
extremities greater than lower); expressive disorder with anomia (inability to name
objects); nonfluent aphasia, comprehension defects; Cheyne-Stokes respirations
• Guillain-Barre -✓✓An autoimmune disease that is preceded by an infection; with the
outbreak of Zika, there has been an increase in cases; weakness plateaus around week
4 in most cases and strength can be regained
• Guillain-Barre (picture) -✓✓
• Multiple Sclerosis -✓✓Chronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of myelin;
there is usually a clinically isolated syndrome with a single episode of neurologic
dysfunction (often follows pregnancy)
• Multiple Sclerosis (Clinical manifestations) -✓✓Initially 90% of patients present with
relapsing/remitting course that progresses over 10-20 years; 10% present with primary
progressive course; once walking problems develop, disease progression occurs
quickly.
• Multiple Sclerosis (Picture) -✓✓
• Myasthenia Gravis -✓✓A chronic autoimmune disease mediated by acetylcholine
receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junctions
• Myasthenia Gravis (Clinical Manifestations) -✓✓Exertional fatigue that improves with
rest; history of recurrent respiratory infections; diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies; facial
droop, flat affect; difficulty chewing and swallowing
• Parkinson's Disease (characteristic appearance) -✓✓Resting tremor, pill-rolling
tremors, bradykinesia/akinesia (poverty of movement), rigidity. A wide-eyed, unblinking,
staring expression; shuffling steps; arms flexed, held stiffly at the side; trunk is bent
forward
