NURS 611 Patho Exam 2 Latest Exam
Questions and Answers (2026) | Verified
Examination Questions and Answers
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself -
✓✓Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) -
✓✓blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and
integumentary is decreased
how are primary brain injuries classified -✓✓focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
focal brain injuries -✓✓specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a
precise location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries -✓✓include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis,
encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral
dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia -✓✓characterized by paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg
systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the level of the
lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by
pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
, location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia -✓✓individual most likely
to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia -✓✓bradycardia
(30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact
ANS reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure.
Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the
HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and
peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the
cord
Alzheimer's disease -✓✓leading cause of dementia and one of the most common
causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease -✓✓age, family history
what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease -✓✓low calorie
diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity,
antioxidants, the presence of apoE2
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD -✓✓PSEN 1
(presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid precursor protein) on
chromosome 21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given -✓✓postmortem examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke -✓✓hypertension
Questions and Answers (2026) | Verified
Examination Questions and Answers
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself -
✓✓Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) -
✓✓blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and
integumentary is decreased
how are primary brain injuries classified -✓✓focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
focal brain injuries -✓✓specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a
precise location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries -✓✓include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis,
encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral
dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia -✓✓characterized by paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg
systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the level of the
lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by
pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
, location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia -✓✓individual most likely
to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia -✓✓bradycardia
(30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact
ANS reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure.
Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the
HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and
peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the
cord
Alzheimer's disease -✓✓leading cause of dementia and one of the most common
causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease -✓✓age, family history
what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease -✓✓low calorie
diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity,
antioxidants, the presence of apoE2
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD -✓✓PSEN 1
(presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid precursor protein) on
chromosome 21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given -✓✓postmortem examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke -✓✓hypertension
