NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO Latest Exam
Questions and Answers (2026) | Verified
Examination Questions and Answers
• Apoptosis -✓✓A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
• Necrosis -✓✓Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling,
mitochondria dysfunction
• What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and
heart) -✓✓hypoxia
• What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? -✓✓ischemia
• Main component of a cell -✓✓nucleus
• What does the nucleus contain? -✓✓nucleolus
• What is the nucleolus composed of? -✓✓RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA binding
proteins, and histones
• Why are histone important? -✓✓histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes
(chromatin) which is essential for cell division
• What are ribosomes? -✓✓RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
• Where can ribosomes be found? -✓✓cytoplasm and rough ER
• what are ribosomes chief function? -✓✓provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
• What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? -✓✓a network of flatten, smooth membranes
and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
• What does the Golgi apparatus do? -✓✓takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
, • What are lysosomes and what do they do? -✓✓maintain cellular health by removal of
toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal
transduction, and signals cellular adaption
• How does aging affect lysosomes? -✓✓leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
• What functions do lysosomal components integrate? -✓✓nutrient abundance, energy
levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
• What is mitochondria responsible for? -✓✓cellular respiration, cellular metabolism ,
and energy production
• What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? -✓✓enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that
generates most of the cell's ATP
• The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things
(2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? -✓✓1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
• What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? -✓✓carbs, proteins, and lipids
• What is physiologic atrophy? -✓✓occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during
childhood
• What is pathologic atrophy? -✓✓occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
• what is hypertrophy? -✓✓increase in cell size
• Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? -✓✓hypertrophy of myocardial cells
from endurance training
• example of pathologic hypertrophy -✓✓cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
• What is hyperplasia? -✓✓increase in the number of cells
• example of compensatory hyperplasia? -✓✓regeneration of the liver
Questions and Answers (2026) | Verified
Examination Questions and Answers
• Apoptosis -✓✓A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
• Necrosis -✓✓Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling,
mitochondria dysfunction
• What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and
heart) -✓✓hypoxia
• What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? -✓✓ischemia
• Main component of a cell -✓✓nucleus
• What does the nucleus contain? -✓✓nucleolus
• What is the nucleolus composed of? -✓✓RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA binding
proteins, and histones
• Why are histone important? -✓✓histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes
(chromatin) which is essential for cell division
• What are ribosomes? -✓✓RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
• Where can ribosomes be found? -✓✓cytoplasm and rough ER
• what are ribosomes chief function? -✓✓provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
• What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? -✓✓a network of flatten, smooth membranes
and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
• What does the Golgi apparatus do? -✓✓takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
, • What are lysosomes and what do they do? -✓✓maintain cellular health by removal of
toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal
transduction, and signals cellular adaption
• How does aging affect lysosomes? -✓✓leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
• What functions do lysosomal components integrate? -✓✓nutrient abundance, energy
levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
• What is mitochondria responsible for? -✓✓cellular respiration, cellular metabolism ,
and energy production
• What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? -✓✓enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that
generates most of the cell's ATP
• The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things
(2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? -✓✓1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
• What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? -✓✓carbs, proteins, and lipids
• What is physiologic atrophy? -✓✓occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during
childhood
• What is pathologic atrophy? -✓✓occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
• what is hypertrophy? -✓✓increase in cell size
• Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? -✓✓hypertrophy of myocardial cells
from endurance training
• example of pathologic hypertrophy -✓✓cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
• What is hyperplasia? -✓✓increase in the number of cells
• example of compensatory hyperplasia? -✓✓regeneration of the liver
